<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<rss version="2.0" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:wfw="http://wellformedweb.org/CommentAPI/">
<channel>
<title>Manesht Forum</title>
<link>http://www.manesht.ir/rss?lang=en</link>
<description><![CDATA[This is a feed of News, Albumes and related things of Manesht site.
]]></description>
<image><title>Manesht Forum</title>
<link>http://www.manesht.ir/rss?lang=en</link>
<url>http://www.manesht.ir/favicon.png</url>
</image>
<item>
<title>
تست</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/learning/view/id/185?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 14 Aug 2013 23:54:15 -0400</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[

	سیبسیب

]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
تست</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/212?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Sun, 26 May 2013 20:33:58 -0400</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[

]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
افتتاح آزمایشی سایت مانشت ۴</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/news/view/id/177?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Sun, 10 Feb 2013 16:14:42 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[

	سایت مانشت ۴ به صورت آزمایشی و به مدت یک ماه افتتاح شده است. نظرات و پیشنهادات شما باعث بهبود در این سایت خواهد شد.

]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Analysis Of Microsatellite Polymorphism Around The HLA-B Locus In Iranian Patients With Behcet&#039;s Disease.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/211?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Thu, 07 Feb 2013 00:39:58 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
We have previously suggested that in a Japanese population the susceptible locus for Behcet's disease (BD) is HLA-B51 itself. To confirm this finding in another population, we performed HLA class I typing using the PCR-SSP method and analyzed eight polymorphic markers distributed within 1100 kb around the HLA-B gene using automated sequencer and subsequent automated fragment detection by fluorescent-based technology with the DNA samples of 84 Iranian patients with BD and 87 healthy ethnically matched controls. As a result, three microsatellite alleles (MICA-A6, MIB-348, C1-4-1-217) and HLA-B51 were found to be strongly associated with BD. Of these alleles HLA-B51 is the most strongly associated allele. There were no alleles that were increased in allele frequency at any microsatellite loci centromeric of MICA or telomeric of HLA-B51. Therefore, HLA-B51 was confirmed to be by far the most strongly associated gene with BD in an Iranian population.
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
RECENT EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA ON BEHCET’S DISEASE IN IRAN, THE 2001 SUYRVEY.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/210?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Thu, 07 Feb 2013 00:38:19 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Introduction: The latest nationwide survey on Behcet’s disease (BD) in Iran was carried out in 2001. We present here its data, and compare it with the previous two surveys in 1991 (on 1882 patients) and 1996 (on 3153 patients). 
Patients & methods: The data of patients in the BD registry before the end of the year 2001 were collected on a standard protocol comprising 100 clinical and paraclinical items. A confidence interval (CI) at 95% was calculated for each item. The comparisons were made by chi square test. 
Results: A total number of 4704 patients were analyzed. The annual incidence rate was 280 patients for a population of 65 millions in the last 5 years; lower than 345 in the 1996 survey. The male/female ratio (1.14) and the mean age (269.7, CI:0.3) showed no significant changes. Among the first manifestations, oral aphthosis was seen more frequently (80%, CI:1.1), while uveitis ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
EVALUATION OF SERUM ALPHA-1-ANTITRYPSIN LEVELS IN 62 PATIENTS WITH SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (SLE) DISEASE IN TEHRAN.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/209?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Thu, 07 Feb 2013 00:37:48 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune and chronic inflammatory disease. It is believed that the attachment of autoantibodies to autoantigens leads to inflammation and kidney disorders. Alpha- 1-antitrypsin is an acute phase protein that neu­tralizes the deleterious effects of the proteolytic enzymes. The level of alpha-1-antitrypsin raises in inflammation. This enzyme is produced from those inflammatory cells (neutrophils) infiltrating to the involved sites. The goals of this study were the comparison of alpha-1-antitrypsin concentration in SLE patients and healthy controls and also the assessment of the enzyme levels in the pa­tients with and without kidney disorders. Sera of 62 patients (58 female and 4 male) and 32 healthy controls (28 female and 4 male) were collected and rocket immune electrophoresis (RIE) was employed for the determination of the enzyme. In the patients (aged 31+9, range 14-58 years) and in the control group (aged 31+10, range 14-57 years) alpha-1-antitrypsin levels ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
ASSOCIATION OF HLA-B51 WITH CLINICAL EXPRESSION OF BEHCET’S DISEASE, ANALYSIS OF 201 IRANIAN PATIENTS.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/208?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Thu, 07 Feb 2013 00:37:22 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Introduction: Despite the strong association between HLA-B51 and Behcet’s disease (BD), the clinical significance of this genetic marker has not been fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to find out the association of HLA-B51 with various manifestations of BD, and to compare it to those of HLA-B5. 
Patients & methods: All newly diagnosed BD patients in a 9-month period from April 2001 to January 2002 were studied. They were classified into two groups according to the presence or absence of HLA-B51. Different manifestations of the disease, including 100 clinical and paraclinical data were compared between the two groups by chi square test and Fisher exact test. A confidence interval at 95% (CI) was calculated for each item. The same comparison was made for the B5 positive and negative BD patients. 
Results: Of 201 new BD patients studied, 78 (39%, CI:6.7) were B51 positive. The childhood onset of the ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
HLA-B51 FREQUENCY IN IRANIAN PATIENTS WITH BEHCET’S DISEASE.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/207?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Thu, 07 Feb 2013 00:36:55 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Introduction: HLA-B51, a split antigen of HLA-B5, has generally been associated with Behcet’s disease (BD) in different countries notably those along the Silk route. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of HLA-B51 in Iranian patients with BD, and to compare it with the control patients. 
Patients & methods: In a prospective study, 599 consecutive new patients referred to the BD clinic, in a 9-month period from April 2001 to January 2002, were typed for the presence of HLA-B51 and HLA-B5 serologically. Their frequencies were compared in patients diagnosed BD and those in whom BD was ruled out (control patients). A confidence interval at 95% (CI) was calculated. The comparisons were made by the chi square test. 
Results: Among the 599 patients, 201 were diagnosed as BD and 398 as control patients. The frequency of B51 was 39% (CI: 6.7) in BD and 18% (CI: 3.8) in ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
CHRONOLOGY OF CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS IN BEHCET’S DISEASE, ANALYSIS OF 3542 CASES.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/206?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Thu, 07 Feb 2013 00:36:24 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Introduction: Manifestations of Behcet’s disease (BD) appear one after another during the course of the disease. Some involvements such as mucous lesions seem to appear early, and others such as gastrointestinal (GI) and neurological (CNS) involvement many years later. This study was planned to find out the chronology of different manifestations of BD. 
Patients & methods: In a retrospective study, files of all BD patients diagnosed since 1989 were reviewed for the time of appearance of different manifestations in the course of their disease. The mean delay for each item, standard deviation (SD), and confidence interval (CI) at 95% were calculated for each item. 
Results: A total number of 3542 patients were analyzed. Oral aphthosis (OA) was the most common presenting sign (86%, CI:1.1), while skin lesions(19%, CI:1.3), genital aphthosis (GA, 17.5%, CI:1.2), ocular (13%, CI:1.1) and joint involvement (8.5%, CI:0.9) were the other common signs. Later, during the progression ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
AZATHIOPRINE AND LOW DOSE PULSE CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE IN SEVERE OCULAR LESIONS OF BEHCET’S DISEASE, A PRELIMINARY REPORT.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/205?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Thu, 07 Feb 2013 00:35:59 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Introduction: Combination of cytotoxic drugs was suggested to decrease the rate of non-responders in severe ocular lesions of Behcet’s disease (BD). We present here our preliminary data with low dose pulse Cyclophosphamide (LDP) and Azathioprine (AZA) in the treatment of posterior uveitis (PU) and/or retinal vasculitis (RV) of BD. 
Patients & methods: Twelve BD patients with PU and RV were selected. They all received LDP as 0.5 g/m2 body surface/month by intravenous infusion, AZA 2-3 mg/kg/day and Prednisolone 0.5 mg/kg/day orally. Visual acuity (VA), a Disease Activity Index (DAI), based on the inflammatory state of each section of each eye, and a Total Adjusted DAI for each patient was calculated. Improvement and stabilization of the lesions were classified as good result. The threshold level was set to 20% change from the baseline. The comparisons were made by the student t test. 
Results: The mean follow up time was 9.3 months. ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
TONSILLECTOMY AND BEHCET’S DISEASE.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/204?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Thu, 07 Feb 2013 00:35:35 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Introduction: Increasing development of some diseases such as Behcet’s disease (BD) was reported after tonsillectomy. This study was designed to find the association between tonsillectomy/adenoidectomy (T/A) and subsequent development of BD. 
Patients & methods: In a prospective control study, 128 patients with BD and 139 controls from the orthopedic clinic (age and sex matched) were studied regarding previous T/A. A complete ENT clinical examination was performed for all of them. Comparison was made between the 2 groups by chi square test and Fisher exact test. Different manifestations of the disease were compared between BD patients with and without antecedent T/A. 
Results: T/A was performed in 6 patients with BD (4.7%, CI:3.8) and 10 controls (7.2%, CI:4.2) with no significant difference (p=0.26). Positive history of recurrent throat infections was significantly higher (p=0.005) in BD patients (27%, CI:7.7 vs. 13%, CI:5.6). This was true for herpes simplex infection (39%, CI:8.4 vs. 30%, ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
URINE ABNORMALITIES IN BEHCET’S DISEASE, STUDY OF 4704 CASES.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/203?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Thu, 07 Feb 2013 00:34:56 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Introduction: Despite the multisystem nature of Behcet’s disease (BD), renal involvement is rare in this disease. The aim of this study was to find the prevalence and characteristics of urine abnormalities and renal involvement of BD in Iran. 
Patients & methods: In a cohort of 4704 patients with BD, urinalysis was performed to screen patients with urine abnormalities. Different manifestations of the disease, including 100 clinical and paraclinical parameters, were determined in these patients and compared with the remaining group of patients (with normal urinalysis) by chi square test and Fisher exact test. A confidence interval at 95% (CI) was calculated for each item. 
 Results: Urinalysis had been performed at least once in the course of the disease in 4386 patients. Abnormal urine was found in 475 (10.8%, CI=0.9) patients. Proteinuria was seen in 101 patients (2.3%, CI:0.4). It was related to joint (p=0.00001), GI (p
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Vascular involvement in Behcet’s disease.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/202?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Thu, 07 Feb 2013 00:34:35 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Introduction: Large vessel involvement is one of the hallmarks of Behcet’s disease (BD). Like the other manifestations of the disease, its prevalence varies widely due to ethnic variation or environmental factors. The aim of this study is to find the characteristics of Vasculo-Behcet in Iran. 
Materials & Methods: In a cohort of 4769 patients with BD, those with vascular involvement were selected (VB). Different manifestations of the disease were compared with the remaining group of patients (not having VB) by chi square test. A confidence interval at 95% (CI) was calculated for each item. 
Results: Vascular involvement was seen in 409 cases (8.6%, CI:0.8). Venous involvement was seen in 396 cases: Deep vein thrombosis in 294 (6.2%, CI:0.7), superficial phlebitis in 108 (2.3%, CI:0:4), and large vein thrombosis in 45 (0.9%, CI:0.3). Arterial involvement was seen in 28 patients (25 aneurysms and 4 thrombosis). Thirteen patients showed both arterial and ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
BEHCET’S DISEASE. ANALYSIS OF 4660 CASES.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/201?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Thu, 07 Feb 2013 00:34:07 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Behcet’s Disease (BD) is a multisystemic disease with a peculiar distribution in the world. The disease is specially seen in the countries bordering the ancient SILK ROAD  specially Japan, China, Korea, Iran, and Turkey. The majority of reports on BD are on hospital based patients. Others are either local based patients or epidemilogical studies on a small area. The only two nationwide analysis of BD is from Japan and Iran. The major methodological difference between the 2 surveys is that in Iran all patients were examined and analyzed on a predefined protocol by the same group of physicians. The comparison of results between these 2 surveys is interesting because the 2 populations are racially different, although they share some genetic background via the invasion of Iran by Turks in the 12th Century.
The annual incidence fluctuates between 250 and 350 new patients for a population of 60 millions, which may ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF BEHCET’S DISEASE IN APLAR REGION.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/200?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Thu, 07 Feb 2013 00:33:36 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
INTRODUCTION: Behcet’s Disease (BD) is classified among vasculitides, but its clinical picture is very distinctive and can be easily differentiated from the others. BD was originally seen along the Silk Road, but due to immigrations it is now seen everywhere in the world. There are many reports on clinical manifestations of BD from different parts of the world. The majority are case series except two nationwide surveys, one from Iran1, and the other from Japan2. Clinical symptoms vary in those reports and some think BD is a different disease in different parts of the world. The BD-SIG tried to analyze BD on a same protocol to see if there were differences in clinical manifestations in some of the countries of APLAR region, where BD is most seen.
Data from Hong Kong, India, Iran, and Singapore are available up to now. An analysis will be made on these data. More data will ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
THE COMPARISON OF ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS IN BEHCET&#039;S DISEASE AND NORMAL POPULATION: A CONTROL STUDY.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/199?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Thu, 07 Feb 2013 00:33:03 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Introduction: We previously reported that ankylosing spondylitis (AS) was associated with Behcet's disease (BD) in Iranian patients. This study was designed to evaluate the features of AS in BD (ASBD) and compare them with the AS in normal population (ASN).
Materials and Methods: Among 4700 BD patients, 73 ASBD were found and were compared with a cohort of 180 ASN. Seventy out of 73 ASBD met the European Spondyloarthropathy Study Group (ESSG) criteria and 44 the modified New York criteria (mNYC). From 180 ASN, 145 met the ESSG criteria and 100 patients the mNYC.
Results: The prevalence of ASBD was 1.55% and the ASN 0,18%. The difference was significant (p
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
COMPARISON OF ORAL APHTHAE IN BEHCET DISEASE AND IDIOPATHIC RECURRENT APHTHOUS STOMATITIS.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/198?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Thu, 07 Feb 2013 00:32:31 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the difference between oral aphthae in Behcet’s Disease (BD) and recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS).
Methods: In a prospective study 56 cases of BD and 133 RAS were evaluated consecutively. Sex, age of onset, frequency of aphthous lesions, their duration and their mean number at each attack, pathergy test, HLA-B5, HLA-B51 and HLA-B27 were evaluated in both groups. Comparison was made by Student t test and chi2 test.
Results: The mean age in BD group was 33.9 years (SD=9, CI=2.4), while in the RAS group it was 31.4 years (SD=9.2, CI=1.6), t was 0.994 (p=0.32). Mean time from the onset: BD 5.9 years (SD=6.3, CI=1.6), RAS 6.4 (SD=6.7, CI=1.2), t=0.450, p=0.65. Frequency of attacks: BD 28 days (SD=29.7, CI=8), RAS 36 (SD=35, CI=6.1), t=1.315, p=0.19. Mean number of ulcers: BD 3.6 (SD=2.3, CI=0.6), RAS 3.1 (SD=2.1, CI=0.4), t=1.514, p=0.13. Mean duration of attacks: BD ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
EVALUATION OF THE MORTALITY IN SLE, ANALYSIS OF 165 PATIENTS.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/197?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Thu, 07 Feb 2013 00:31:41 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Objective: SLE is an autoimmune disease. The mortality rate and causes are different in the various countries. The present study is done to find out the causes of mortality in the SLE patients in Iran.
Methods: This study was retrospective according to medical records of patients who were referred to Rheumatology polyclinic, admitted in Rheumatology ward, ICU, Gynecology and Nephrology wards of Shariati hospital during 10 years, from 1991-2001.
Results: Of 2021 recorded patient's file, 165 (7,8%) deaths were already recorded. 84.8% were female and 15.2% male. The duration of disease was 36±12 months. The mean duration of follow up from entering the study till time of death was 25.9±16.8 months. The causes of mortality were as follows: infection (12.1%), respiratory (8.5%), CNS (13.9%), kidney (3.6%), malignancy (1.2%), unknown (7.8%), active lupus (3%), infection with other causes (27.9%), respiratory with other causes (11.5%), CNS with other causes (5.5%) and renal with other ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
EXTENSIVE PYODERMA GANGRENOSUM LIKE LESION IN TWO CASES OF BEHCET’S DISEASE, RESPONDING ONLY TO CYCLOSPORIN.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/196?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Thu, 07 Feb 2013 00:31:01 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Introduction: Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) like lesion is a Behcet’s disease (BD) skin lesion, which is seen very exceptionally. We report here 2 cases with unusual severe and extensive skin lesions, having an intensive hypersensitivity to needle injection, inducing new lesions.   
Cases report: The first case is a 42 years old man with a history of 5 years recurrent bipolar aphthosis, skin pustulosis, ocular lesions, and articular involvement. After 3 years of remission he developed large and extensive ulcerations on the legs, buttock and back. Biopsy of the lesion showed a vasculitis. Local treatment with injection of triamcinolone acetonide induced new ulcerations after each injection. Cyclosporin was the only successful treatment. He developed a central nervous system involvement secondary to Cyclosporin. The second case is a 20-year male with a severe oro-pharynx and genital aphthosis, pustular lesions, and articular involvements. He developed large ulcerations on his leg. The biopsy ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
THE INFLUENCE OF SEX ON THE SEVERITY AND THE OUTCOME OF EYE LESIONS IN BEHCET’S DISEASE.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/195?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Thu, 07 Feb 2013 00:30:25 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Introduction: Ocular manifestations are seen more frequently in men than women (62% men, 49% women). The difference is statistically significant (p
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
THE INFLUENCE OF THE DELAY IN AGGRESSIVE TREATMENT ON THE VISON AND ITS OUTCOME IN BEHCET’S DISEASE.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/194?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Thu, 07 Feb 2013 00:29:45 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Introduction: The natural course of eye lesions is well known, leading to sever loss of vision or blindness. The cumulative nature of eye lesions during successive attacks, leads to gradual loss of visual acuity (VA). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the delay in aggressive treatment on the VA and its long-term outcome.  
Materials and Methods: All Behcet’s patients of the treatment registry (1009 at January 20, 2002) entered the study. They were divided in subgroups according to delay in the institution of an aggressive treatment: up to one year (G1), 1 to 2 years (G2), 2 to 3 years (G3), 3 to 4 years (G4), 4 to 5 years (G5), more than 5 years (G6). The mean VA was calculated at the entry and after the last evaluation.
Results: 429 eyes were in G1 group; their mean VA at the entry was 4.5, it ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
TREATMENT OF OCCULAR MANIFESTATIONS OF BEHCET’S DISEASE.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/193?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Thu, 07 Feb 2013 00:29:11 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Ocular manifestations like other manifestations of Behcet’s Disease (BD) progress by repetitive attacks followed by remission. However, the remission is much slower in posterior uveitis, and practically absent in retinal vasculitis. Usually the healing process do not complete before the next attack. Therefore, lesions will accumulate during successive attacks and lead to severe loss of vision or blindness. 
An inflammatory index and visual acuity has to be calculated for each eye before the treatment and during the follow-up to evaluate the treatment response. 
The treatment has 2 goals. 1- To make disappear the inflammation. Prednisolone is the best choice, 1/2 to 1 mg/kg/daily is the necessary dose. 2- To control the autoimmune disorder and prevent from further attacks. There is a large choice of drugs for this purpose. Immunomodulators such as cyclosporine, many cytotoxic drugs (cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, azathioprine, methotrexate), and recently biologic agents (Interferon α, anti TNF drugs) can address ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
THE INFLUENCE OF SEX ON THE FREQUENCY OF CLINICAL SYMPTOMS IN BEHCET’S DISEASE.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/192?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Thu, 07 Feb 2013 00:29:06 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Introduction: It is known from long date that some manifestations are seen more frequently in men than women and in some of them the difference may be statistically significant. The aim of this study was to address that issue and to find if a statistical difference was of any clinical relevance or significance  
Materials and Methods: All patients of the BD registry (4717 at January 20, 2002) entered the study. One hundred and five symptoms and signs were compared in men and women. The statistical comparison was made by the 2 test. Only those who had a statistically significant difference exceeding 5% will be reported by male/female percentages. Due to the large number of patients a 2% difference gave a statistical significant difference.
Results: Genital aphthosis 62/69, Behcet’s Pustulosis 69/53, anterior uveitis 46/36, posterior uveitis 51/38, retinal vasculitis 36/24, joint manifestations 37/32, phlebitis 9/3, complete form of Japan classification criteria ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
HIGH DOSE METHOTREXATE FOR OCULAR LESIONS OF BEHCET’S DISEASE. PRELIMINARY SHORT-TERM RESULTS ON 23 PATIENTS.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/191?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Thu, 07 Feb 2013 00:27:43 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Introduction: methotrexate in weekly low dose pulse of 7.5 mg has long proved its efficacy in the treatment of ocular lesions. During the 1998 ACR congress where we presented our data on 262 patients it was suggested the high dose of 15 mg. This is the short-term result of that study. 
Materials and Methods: MTX was used as 15 mg weekly. Prednisolone was associated as 0.5 mg/kg/ daily. The visual acuity (VA), the Disease Activity Index (DAI) of anterior uveitis (AU), posterior uveitis (PU), retinal vasculitis (RV), and the Total Adjusted Disease Activity Index (TADAI) were compared in men and women by the Student t test.   
Results: The mean follow-up time was 9.1 months. For VA, 68%18.1 (confidence interval at 95%) of the eyes improved, 14%13.5 were stabilized, and 18%14.8 were aggravated.  The mean VA improved from 5 to 6.7 (t=3.299, p=0.003). For AU, 95%11 of the ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
JOINT HYPER-MOBILITY (JHM) IN IRANIAN STUDENTS.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/190?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Thu, 07 Feb 2013 00:27:00 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Objectives: Joint Hyper-Mobility is an important and occult joint involvement in normal population. We studied to determine the prevalence and features of JHM in Iranian students.
Methods: A group of Iranian primary to high school students in Tehran was considered in the figure of a cross sectional-descriptive study. Though validated Carter-Wilkinson & Beighton criteria 997 students from five geographical regions were screened. Sampling method was Randomized - multi process. We had accepted Score higher than four as generalized JHM.
Results: The prevalence of JHM was 15.7%; JHM was significantly more common in female (18.5%) than male (13%), P=0.02. The difference between prevalence in primary school (mean age 8.8 years) and high school (mean age 15.1 years) students was significant (18.2% versus 13.3%), P=0.03. The main involved joints were as follow: thumb, fingers, knee and lumbosacral joints. There was a few difference between involvement in two sexes, so the knee involvement in girls ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
LATE-ONSET SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS IN IRAN.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/189?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Thu, 07 Feb 2013 00:26:24 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Objectives: The aim of this study is to analyze the clinical features, laboratory findings and type of treatments in late onset SLE (after 50 years) in Iranian patients and compare them with the early onset.
Methods: Records of 1419 SLE patients who attended our lupus unit, between 1975 and 1999 were reviewed. Nineteen Patients with late onset disease were identified. For comparison, 47 patients with disease onset before the age of 50 were selected by a simple random sampling method from 1400 SLE patients. Clinical features and laboratory findings as included in the 1982 ACR revised criteria for classification of SLE analyzed and compared among these two groups. Both groups had a comparable duration of follow up.
Results: In 19 (1.3 %) of 1419 patients in this study, the onset of disease was over the age 50. There were no significant differences in the sex distribution, presenting features and clinical manifestations between ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
TREATMENT OF OCULAR MANIFESTATIONS OF BEHCET’S DISEASE.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/188?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Thu, 07 Feb 2013 00:25:26 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
INTRODUCTION : Ocular manifestations are one of the main features of Behcet’s Disease. They occur in more than half the patients. In our series they were seen in 58% of cases1. The natural course of Ocular manifestations, like other manifestations of Behcet's Disease, is a progression by repetitive attacks followed by remission. However, on the contrary of other lesions (muco-cutaneous) the remission is much slower in posterior uveitis, and practically absent in retinal vasculitis. Usually the healing process do not complete before the next attack. Therefore, lesions will accumulate during successive attacks and lead to severe loss of vision or blindness2.  
Ocular lesions need aggressive treatment. The treatment will have 2 goals. 
1- Combat the inflammation. Prednisolone is the best choice, 1/2 to 1 mg/kg/daily is the necessary dose.
2- Control the autoimmune disorder and prevent from further attacks. There is a large choice of drugs for this purpose. Immunomodulators such ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
MUCO CUTANEOUS LESIONS OF BEHCET&#039;S DISEASE.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/187?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Thu, 07 Feb 2013 00:25:03 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Muco-cutaneous lesions are the most important signs in the diagnostic criteria of Behcet’s Disease (BD), but they are not specific and can be seen  in other disease too. 
Mucous Membrane Lesions: 1- Recurrent oral aphthosis is the most frequent lesion of BD (96.1%0.6). It was divided in major, minor, and herpetiforme aphtosis. There are also Punctiform, Miliaria, and giant aphthosis. The shape and the size of aphthae can vary from one attack to another in the same patient. 2- Genital aphthosis was seen in 63.9%1.5 of patients. In females, they are larger than OA. In males, they are on the scrotum and on the penis. 3- Erythema  may also be seen on the mucous membrane.
Skin Lesions is the second most frequent manifestation of BD. It was seen in 67.4%1.5 of the patients: 1- The pathergy phenomenon, which is a skin hyper reactivity to trauma, was seen frequently in ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
MUCO-CUTANEOUS LESIONS OF BEHÇET’S DISEASE, 10 YEARS EXPIRIENCE ON 4605 PATIENTS.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/186?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Thu, 07 Feb 2013 00:24:35 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Background: Our purpose was to show different aspects of the muco-cutaneous lesions of Behcet’s disease (BD). Although they are not specific, they constitute the major symptoms in all sets of diagnosis criteria for BD.
Methods: Description of muco-cutaneous lesions seen during 12 years follow up in 4605 patients.
Results: 1- Mucous-membrane lesions: Recurrent oral aphthosis (OA) is the most important and frequent lesion of BD. It resembles the other OA of other etiologies. It was seen in 96.6% ± 0.5 of patients. The number and the size of OA varied in the same patient in each recurrence. The classification in major and minor OA is of no interest. The giant OA and Miliaria aphthosis were rare. Genital aphthosis (GA) was seen in 65.1% ± 1.4 of cases. Seen more often on the scrotum in male, and on the vulva in females, it is lager than OA and often let cicatrix. Sometimes the ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
ORIGIN AND OUTCOME OF MACULAR EDEMA IN OCULAR-BEHCET. </title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/185?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Thu, 07 Feb 2013 00:23:34 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
The chronic macular edema, frequent in ocular Behcet's disease, is a treat to the visual outcome of the patients. We have investigated the origin, risk-factors and the outcome of macular edema in patents under immunosuppressors and corticosteroid therapy.
This is a retrospective, case series study. In 1999,seventeen patients of the Behcet's clinic of Shariati hospital of Tehran who had macular edema were consecutively selected and included in the study. They were followed for two more years with ophthalmic examinations and fluorescein-angiographies.
At the start of this study, the mean-duration of follow-up and treatment of the patients was six years (ranged between 1.5 and 17 years). The eyes were involved 14.7 months before the first consultation.
In 25 of the 34 eyes the macular edema persisted up to the last visit. Only in four eyes it disappeared and in five eyes macular edema never was observed. Retinal perivasculitis, fluorescein leakage from the vessels + ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
The Impact of the Treatment Delay on the Outcome of Vision in Ocular Lesions of Behcet&#039;s Disease.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/184?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Thu, 07 Feb 2013 00:23:04 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Introduction: Ocular lesions of Behcet’s disease (BD) progress by recurrent attacks and remission. Their natural history, without treatment, is toward severe loss of vision or blindness. We presented last year a work to the ACR meeting on the long-term outcome of visual acuity (VA) in BD. The data showed that the final VA was related to the baseline VA (before the treatment), suggesting that a delay in aggressive treatment may cause poorer outcome. The aim of this study was to address this issue by reviewing the data of all patients who had an aggressive treatment for their eye lesion.  
Materials and Methods: The data of the treatment registry for ocular lesions of BD were used for this analysis, regardless of the kind of cytotoxic drugs that were used. Apart the cytotoxic drug, the treatment protocol and the data evaluation (different activity indexes) was the same for all patients, which ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
THE INFLUENCE OF PATHERGY TEST ON THE ACCURACY OF DIFFERENT DIAGNOSIS CRITERIA FOR BEHCET’S DISEASE.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/183?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Thu, 07 Feb 2013 00:22:21 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Introduction: Pathergy test (PAT) is used in the majority of diagnosis criteria set for Behcet’s Disease (BD). The modality of performing it (needle gauge, sharpness of the tip, direction of skin penetration, with or without a product injection), the delay to read the result (24 or 48 hours), and the cut-off line for positive test is not standardized. Therefore the results differ from one center to another, introducing a great bias in the classification. The aim of this study was to analyze the sensitivity, the specificity, and the accuracy of the following criteria without the use of PAT: Dilsen (D), Japan revised (J), International (I), and the Classification Tree (CT). 
Materials and Methods: The 5 upper-mentioned criteria were tested against 4717 BD patients and 2407 control patients with and without the PAT result. 
Conclusion: The International criteria lost 11% while the Japan and the Classification Tree lost each 5%. The ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
RHEUMATIC DISEASES IN A SINGLE FAMILY SET UP; &quot;REPORT OF SIMILAR CASES IN FOUR FAMILIES&quot;.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/182?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Thu, 07 Feb 2013 00:21:30 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[

Background: The gene effect in pathogenesis of Rheumatic Diseases is well known, but the exact mode of transmission is not clear. In this report we present similar diseases occurred in two generations and in siblings.
Methods: We overviewed the medical charts of second member of the family, according to the family history of the index patient.
Results: Family I: Discoid Lupus was diagnosed in an eight years old girl whose father had the same disease as of the age of 34. Skin biopsy done in both cases, confirmed the diagnosis. Interesting enough, father's sister has had Morphea as of the age of 34.
Family II: Discoid Lupus appeared as non scaling erythematous macular rashes in a girl at the age of eight months, confirmed by biopsy when she was four years old. At the age of nine she was admitted to the hospital for migratory polyarthritis and CNS involvement and she died despite ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
THE INFLUENCE OF SEX ON THE FREQUENCY OF CLINICAL SYMPTOMS IN BEHCET’S DISEASE.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/181?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Thu, 07 Feb 2013 00:20:52 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Introduction: It is known from long date that some manifestations are seen more frequently in men than women and in some of them the difference may be statistically significant. The aim of this study was to address that issue and to find if a statistical difference was of any clinical relevance or significance  
Materials and Methods: All patients of the BD registry (4717 at January 20, 2002) entered the study. One hundred and five symptoms and signs were compared in men and women. The statistical comparison was made by the c2 test. Only those who had a statistically significant difference exceeding 5% will be reported by male/female percentages. Due to the large number of patients a 2% difference gave a statistical significant difference.
 Results: Genital aphthosis 62/69, Behcet’s Pustulosis 69/53, anterior uveitis 46/36, posterior uveitis 51/38, retinal vasculitis 36/24, joint manifestations 37/32, phlebitis 9/3, complete form of Japan classification ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
THE ORAL AND RADIOLOGICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS IN IRANIAN PATIENTS.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/180?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Thu, 07 Feb 2013 00:20:06 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Objective: Oral involvement is one of the most important manifestations in systemic sclerosis. We studied clinical and radiological presentations of patients with systemic sclerosis in IRAN.
Methods: This study is a prospective case series on forty patients with systemic sclerosis (29 limited & 11 diffuse form) according to ACR (American College of Rheumatology) criteria, referred to Rheumatology Research Center from 2000-2001. For every patient, 41 data surveyed.
Results: The mean age of patients was 37.6 years. The mean duration disease was 6.75 years. 97.5 percent had oral involvement. Oral radiological manifestations were seen in 70 percent. The most common oral involvement was the decrease of mouth in opening position in 87.5 percent. The widening of periodontal ligament was seen in 62.5 percent. The dry of mouth and periodontal involvement were in 57.5 percent. The other manifestations included: The thigh tongue in 22.5%, lamina dura disappearing in 22.5%, root and mandibular resorption 5%.
Conclusion:
1. ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Clinical Manifestattion Of Behcet’s Disease.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/179?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Thu, 07 Feb 2013 00:06:08 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Objectives: Behcet's disease (BD) is a multi-system disease. We present here the various clinical aspects of BD based on the data of 4586 Iranian patients. The male to female ratio was 1.17/l. The mean age at the onset of the disease was 26 yr (SD:9.6, CI:0.3). The mean disease duration was 9 yr (SD:7), and the mean follow up time was 3 yr (SD:3.8). As the first manifestation of the disease oral aphthosis was seen in 80% (CI:1.2), genital aphthosis in 10% (CI:0.9), Ocular involvement in 10% (CI:0.9), joint manifestations in 5% (CI:0.6) and other manifestations in 8% (CI:0.8). The prevalence of clinical signs were as follow: Mucous membrane lesions in 96.8% (CI:0.5) cases, oral aphthosis in 96.5% (CI:0.5), genital aphthosis in 65% (CI:1.4); skin lesions in 71% (CI:1.3), pseudofolliculitis in 63% (CI:1.4), erythema nodosum in 22% (CI:1.2); ocular lesions in 56% (CI=1.4), anterior uveitis in 41% (CI:1.4), posterior uveitis ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
THE EFFECT OF COMBINED DRUG TREATMENT USING CHLOROQUINE AND METHOTREXATE ON THE STATUS OF ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY OF PLASMA IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/178?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Thu, 07 Feb 2013 00:05:38 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Introduction: Oxygen free radicals that are generated mainly through the phagocytic activity of the polymorphonuclear leucocytea have been implicated as mediators of tissue damage in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Accordingly low levels of antioxidants, which increase free radical activity, are clearly associated with an increased risk of RA. 
Methods: Of 24 patients who entered the study 14 patients were excluded because they failed regular follow up. The analysis was done on 10 patients who fulfilled the ACR criteria for RA. They were all on chloroquine and methotrexate plus low dose prednisolon. The patients were evaluated at zero, 6, and 12 months. The clinical (general symptom, morning stiffness, index of swelling, pain and limitation of joints) and laboratory (ESR, RF, CRP, CBC, endogenous antioxidant such as lipid profile, uric acid, bilirubin, plasma ceruloplasmin) finding and the status of antioxidant capacity of plasma by FRAP were evaluated at each control.
Results: The ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
EXPERIENCE IN IRAN WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO BEHCETS DISEASE (BD).</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/177?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Thu, 07 Feb 2013 00:04:58 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Pattern of Rheumatic Diseases in Iran: They have the same frequency and the same pattern as in Western countries. A study from 1993 demonstrated a prevalence of 32.6% among adults (31.4% in the USA, Cunningham 1984). Inflammatory disorders counted for 11% of all rheumatic diseases. The ratio of RA to AS was 8/1 (7/1 in USA), and SLE to Scleroderma 3.5/1 (3.6/1 in USA). Psoriatic arthritis and Reiter's syndrome were rare in Iran while Behcet's disease had much higher incidence. Osteoarthritis counted for 32%, low back pain 27%, and soft tissue rheumatism for 16% of all rheumatic complaints.
Epidemiology of BD: It is seen more frequently in Iran than in Western countries. From 1975 to 2000, 4413 patients were registered in our database. The annual incidence during the last 11 years varied between 250 and 350 new patients (population: 60 millions). The estimated prevalence is 1.5 BD for 10,000 inhabitants. BD ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
THE ACCURACY OF IBDDAM (IRAN BEHCET&#039;S DISEASE DYNAMIC ACTIVITY MEASURE) IN THE TREATMENT EVALUATION OF BEHCET&#039;S DISEASE.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/176?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Thu, 07 Feb 2013 00:03:59 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Introduction: Behcet's Disease (BD) is characterized by recurrent attacks and remissions, making difficult the assessment of the treatment's result. Moreover, the remission period between the attacks is not the same and may vary from one attack to another. The attack periods are not always the same and may vary in severity, or extent of organ involvement. Iran Behcet's Disease Dynamic Activity Measure (IBDDAM) takes in account all of these parameters and calculates a mean disease activity index per month. The aim of this study was to validate IBDDAM with The Physician Global Assessment (PGA) in a patients cohort in the evaluation of treatment results.
Method: Ninety-six patients with BD were followed prospectively, regardless of their treatment modalities. The range of follow-up was from 3 to 32 months.
Results: Patients were divided in 3 groups according to their PGA:
1.The PGA showed no change in the disease activity in 62 (65%) patients during the ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Immunopathogenesis Of Behcet&#039;s Disease.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/175?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Thu, 07 Feb 2013 00:03:11 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Objectives: The etiology and pathogenesis of Behcet's disease (BD) are still unknown. It seems that in a special genetic background exogenous or endogenous antigen(s) acts as trigger in up regulating and presenting the pathogenic epitope. The immune system reacts in an abnormal way, by inducing a cascade of cytokines and chemokines to stimulate innate immune responses, leading to the lesions of the disease.
Genetic background: The major susceptibility gene is the HLA-B51 allele itself, though there is little evidence for its pathogenecity. The increase of MICA (MHC class I chain­-related gene A) alleles (6 and 9) in BD patients is secondary to the linkage disequilibrium with B51.
Antigen: Some exogenous or endogenous antigen(s) such as bacteria (streptococcal strains), herpes simplex virus, or host cross-reactive mucosal antigens may trigger the BD onset. A common denominator to these agents might be the heat shock protein (HSP). Specific immune responses in BD were found to ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
­LARGE VESSEL MANIFESTATIONS OF BEHCET’S DISEASE,REPORT OF 377 CASES.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/174?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Thu, 07 Feb 2013 00:02:47 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Introduction: Large vessel involvement is one of the hallmarks of Behcet's disease (BD). Like the other manifestations of the disease, its prevalence differs due to ethnic variation and environmental factors. The aim of this study is to find the characteristics of vasculo Behcet in Iran.
Materials & Methods: In a cohort of 4429 patients with BD, those with vascular involvement were selected (VB). Different manifestations of the disease were compared with the remaining group of BD patients by chi square test. A confidence interval at 95% (CI) was calculated for each item. 
Results: Vascular involvement was seen in 377 cases (8.5%, CI:0.8). Venous involvement was seen in 367 cases: Deep vein thrombosis in 272 (6.1%, CI:0.7), superficial phlebitis in 99 (2.2%, CI:0.4), and large vein thrombosis in 40 (0.9%, CI:0.3). Arterial involvement was seen in 24 casess (21 aneurysms and 3 thrombosis). Twelve patients showed both arterial and venous involvement. The ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
LONG-TERM OUTCOME OF VISION IN BEHCET&#039;S DISEASE.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/173?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Thu, 07 Feb 2013 00:01:44 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
INTRODUCTION: The natural history of ocular lesions in Behcet's Disease (BD) is gradual progressions of lesions toward severe loss of vision or blindness. The association of cytotoxic drugs and steroids has dramatically changed the outcome. However, some authors still believe that the improvement is temporary and in the long run (10 years) the eyes progress toward blindness no matter what treatment was applied. The aim of this study was to address this issue by evaluating the visual acuity (VA) in patients with more than 10 years of ocular manifestations. The outcome was then compared with patients having eye lesions for less than 5 years.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: From our database all patients having posterior uveitis and/or retinitis, and having received cytotoxic drugs (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, chlorambucil, azathioprine, cyclosporine A) were selected. They were divided upon the duration of their eye lesions to 3 groups. Group 1: Less than 5 years from the ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
LONG-TERM OUTCOME OF VISION IN BEHCET’S DISEASE.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/172?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Thu, 07 Feb 2013 00:00:52 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
INTRODUCTION: The natural history of ocular lesions Behcet’s Disease (BD) is gradual progressions of lesions toward severe loss of vision or blindness. The association of cytotoxic drugs and steroids has dramatically changed the outcome. However, some authors still believe that the improvement is temporary and in the long run (10 years) the eyes progress toward blindness no matter what treatment was applied. The aim of this study was to address this issue by evaluating the visual acuity (VA) in patients with more than 10 years of ocular manifestations. The outcome was then compared with patients having eye lesions for less than 5 years.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: From our database all patients having posterior uveitis and/or retinitis, and having received cytotoxic drugs (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, chlorambucil, azathioprine, cyclosporine A) were selected. They were divided upon the duration of their eye lesions to 3 groups. Group 1: Less than 5 years from the onset ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Cardiac Involvement in Behcet&#039;s Disease, A Case Control Study.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/171?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Thu, 07 Feb 2013 00:00:14 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Background: Cardiac involvement is not a common feature of Behcet's disease (BD), but may be a sign for poor prognosis. There are only few case reports in the literature and the prevalence of cardiac involvement in BD is not exactly known. Our study was designed to find the prevalence and characteristics of cardiac involvement in Iranian patients with BD.
    Methods: All new cases referred to Behcet's clinic for diagnosis in a 6-month period, were enrolled in a double blind case control study. The cardiologist was unaware of the diagnosis. A complete clinical examination, electrocardiography (ECG), chest X-rays
(CXR) and echocardiography (M-mode, two dimensional, doppler, color flow mapping) was performed for all. Patients diagnosed as BD were compared to those not having the disease (control group) by chi square test. A confidence interval at 95% (CI) was calculated for each item.
    Results: We evaluated 246 patients ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Ocular Lesions Of Behcet&#039;s Disease.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/169?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 23:58:44 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Objectives: The ocular manifestations of Behcet's disease (BD) are very frequent involving approximately 60% of BD patients. These lesions consist mainly of uveitis (anterior, posterior, or panuveitis that are present in almost all the BD patients with ocular involvement) and necrotizing vasculitis of the retina. In a randomized survey carried on 1812 patients with Ocular-Behcet the prevalence of different ocular signs were as follow: Hypopion 8.7%, glaucoma 8.5%, cataract 70%, intermediate uveitis 6.2%, macular edema 83.7%, periphlebitis and periarteritis of the retina each in 68.7%, retinal arterial necrosis in 38.7%, retinal vein necrosis 35%, macular scar 63.7%, foci of retinitis 17.5%, discal edema 10%, neovascularization 2.5%. In another randomized study on 245 BD patients at the same center retinal vasculitis was reported in 81.2% of patients. It was more frequent in adults compared to the juvenile group (p
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
SACROILIITIS IN BEHCET&#039;S DISEASE, A RADIOLOGIC STUDY.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/168?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 23:58:14 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Introduction: The association of Behcet's disease (BD) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is still a controversial subject. As the presence of sacroiliac joint (SIJ) involvement is an essential criterion in the diagnosis of AS, we decided to determine the prevalence of SIJ involvement in BD and compare it with control group.
Materials & Methods: We selected randomly 199 BD patients and 168 non-­BD cases (CG), in a 12 month period (between April 1998 to May 1999). All were over 20 year of age. Standard anteroposterior radiographs of the SIJ were obtained and interoreted by two Rheumatologists and a radiologist blinded to the diagnosis. The following 5-points scale was employed: Normal (0), pseudo-widening (I), sclerosis (2), erosion (3), and bony fusion (4). To eliminate any doubt about sacroiliitis only grade 3 and 4 were accepted as SIJ involvement. Both groups were evaluated according to their age (before 30/over 30), and sex separately. The ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
The Study Of Osteoporotic Femoral Neck Fractures In The Hospitals Of Tehran In 1380.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/167?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 23:57:16 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
AIM and BACKGROUND: Osteoporosis is a health growing problem among senile .About 25 millions of people in the USA are suffering from osteoporosis who are dominantly women .The probability of women to men ratio is 5 to 1. There are more than 1.5 millions bone fractures because of osteoporosis that 300000 of them are at hip, 200000 at wrist and 500000 at vertebrae column. Hip fracture has the highest mortality and morbidity rate. At the first year the risk of death among the osteoporotic patients with hip fracture is about 10-15 percent more than the same healthy group. The treatment of osteoporotic fractures expenses about millions of dollars.
The aim of this study was frequency assessment of femoral neck fractures due to osteoporosis at 19 hospitals in Tehran. These hospitals were selected according to cluster sampling method on all Tehran areas. During 1380, 942 patients with femoral neck fracture were examined. ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Treatment of Ocular Lesions of Behcet’s Disease.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/166?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 23:55:42 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Purpose: Cytotoxic drugs are the main therapeutic agents. A comparative study of 8 different therapeutic methods in 1220 cases is presented here. 
Materials & Methods: In an open, non-randomized control study, Pulse Cyclophosphamide (PCP), low dose PCP (LDP), oral cyclophosphamide ( OCP), weakly methotrexate ( MTX), chlorambucil ( CHL), cyclosporine A ( CYA), azathioprine (AZA), and combination therapy with LDP and MTX (COM) were used.
Mean Duration: Ocular manifestations in months.
FU: Follow-up in months.
TIAI: Total Inflammatory Activity Index.
Imp/Stab: Improved or Stabilized.
Conclusion: All treatment methods were efficient and did approximately the same, with no statistically significant difference between them.

]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Is acne vulgaris seen more often in Behcet Disease than in the normal population?</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/165?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 23:50:53 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Background: In the literature, some of the skin pustular lesions of BD resembling the pustular lesion of acne vulgaris (AV) was called acneiform lesion of BD. It was suggested that AV was seen more often in BD than in normal population. AV is a common and very frequent skin lesion. The lesions are polymorphic, and are non­inflamed (closed or open comedones) or inflamed (papules, pustules, nodules). 
Objectives: To find if AV is seen more frequently in BD than in normal population and to find if there is a relation between the two entities.
Material and methods: We screened systematically 84 consecutive BD patients and 117 subjects among the hospital staff. We examined every subject on the face and trunk, especially on the back, for comedones (closed or open), papules and pustules. Ten lesions or more were considered as positive if they were formed by comedones alone, or comedones plus pustules and ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Behcet&#039;s Disease and Malignancy, Report of 10 cases.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/164?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 23:50:31 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Introduction: Despite the well-established association of malignancy and autoimmune diseases, malignancy seems to be infrequent in Behcet's Disease (BD). The evidence for neoplasm in BD is derived primarily from case reports (only 19 cases in the literature). This study was designed to find the occurrence of malignant disorders in a large group of patients with BD, and their characteristics.
Patients & Methods: We reviewed the medical records of all patients with BD, registered at our BD unit during the past 25 years (between 1975 and November 1999), to determine the occurrence of malignancy. The type of the malignancy, and their relationship to different characteristics of the disease, or the treatment regimens as possible risk factors, were specified.
Results: Ten out of 4130 cases of BD were complicated with malignant diseases. The different types were as follow: Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder in 2 cases; ovarian cancer in 2; chronic myeloid leukemia, ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Behcet&#039;s Disease in Afghan immigrants of Iran; Report of 12 cases.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/163?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 23:50:03 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Introduction: Behcet's Disease (BD) is mainly seen in the countries along the Silk Rout. Among Asian countries, there is no data from Afghanistan on the clinical features of BD. Near 2 million Afghan immigrants live in Iran. This is a report on the clinical features of the disease in them with a comparison to the Iranian patients. 
Patients & Methods: All Afghan patients with BD referred to our BD unit during the past 10 years were selected. Different manifestations of the disease, including 100 clinical and paraclinical parameters, were controlled. A confidence interval (CI) at 95% was calculated for each item. These data were compared with the Iranian patients by the chi square test.
Results: There were 12 Afghan patients with BD. The male to female ratio was 1.4/1. The mean age at the onset of the disease was 23.4+8 yr. The mean disease duration was 5.9+5.2 yr., and the mean ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Intermediate Term Results Of Combination Therapy With Low Dose Pulse Cyclophosphamide And Methotrexate In Ocular Lesions Of Behcet’s Disease.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/162?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 23:49:42 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Introduction: In a preliminary report to the 8th International Congress on Behcet’s Disease (BD) in 1998, we showed the efficacy of combination therapy with low dose pulse Cyclophosphamide (LDP) and Methotrexate (MTX) in posterior uveitis (PU) and retinal vasculitis (RV) of BD. We present here our experience with more patients and a longer follow up. 
Patients & Methods: BD Patients who were on the association of LDP and MTX due to PU and/or RV, and had received the drugs for more than 9 months, were selected for this evaluation. LDP was administered as 0.5 g/m2/body surface/month by intravenous infusion and MTX as 7.5 mg/week orally, as well as Prednisolone 0.5 mg/Kg/day orally. A disease activity index (DAI) based on the inflammatory state of each section of each eye, the visual acuity (VA), and a total adjusted DAI for each patient was calculated. Improvement and stabilization of the lesions were accepted ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Cardiac involvement in Scleroderma (SCL).</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/161?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 23:49:20 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Purpose: Cardiac involvement is not a common feature of the scleroderma, but may be important. The aim of this study was to find the frequency and the characteristics of cardiac involvement in sclroderma. Methods: Our cases were selected consecutively from 1997 to 1999, according to the American College of Rheumatology criteria. A complete cardiac examination (clinical, electrocardiography, chest X-ray, echocardiography, exercise test) was performed for all patients. These data were compared with a control group. Chi square and Fisher exact test were used for statistical analysis.
Results: Sixty-seven Sclroderma patients (45 limited scleroderma, 22 diffuse from) and 83 control patients were evaluated. The mean age in the scleroderma group was 41.4+13 years and in the control group 34+12 years. The mean duration of the disease was 8.8+10 years. The following symptoms were seen more frequently in scleroderma (SCL) than in the Control group: Dyspnea 55% versus 17% (p=0.000006), peripheral edema 10% ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
OUTCOME MEASUREMENT OF TYPE IV SYSTEMIC LUPUS NEPHRITIS BY CLASSIFICATION AND REGRATION TREE (CART).</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/160?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 23:48:35 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
The prognosis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus depends partly on renal involvement. Lupus nephritis has evolved from a frequently terminal process such as type IV lupus nephritis according to WHO classification to one in which a fairly normal quality of life and good outcome are possible. The aim of this study was to try to predict the short-term outcome of type IV lupus nephritis by looking at the disease variables before treatment. A way to achieve this goal is to look at patients with bad and good outcome to determine if some sign or symptom, or a combination of them, will differentiate the two groups. For this purpose 73 variables were analyzed by the computer assisted Classification and Regression Tree Method in'163 patients with SLE nephritis.
The final tree had 12 terminal nodes. The short outcome of renal involvement was related to systolic blood pressure, C3 and C4 complement levels, level of ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Classification of muco-cutaneous lesions of Behcet&#039;s Disease.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/159?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 23:47:43 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Introduction: The diagnosis of Behcet's Disease (BD) is based on clinical criteria. Muco-cutaneous symptoms are the most important among them.
Materials and Methods: From 1992 to 1999 we screened systematically all patients attending the Behcet's Disease Research Unit for muco cutaneous lesions. Only recurrent lesions were taken in consideration.
Results: Mucous-membrane lesions: 1- Oral aphthosis was seen in 96.1%+ 0.6 of patients. The separation in major and minor aphthosis has no interest. There is no clear-cut separation between them. Oral giant aphthosis is very rare. In the same patient the intensity and the diameter of the lesions varied from one attack to another. 2- Genital aphthosis was seen in 63.9%+ 1.5 of patients. It is seen more often on the scrotum in males and on the vulva in females. Genital aphthosis is usually larger than oral aphthosis. Rarely the aphthous lesion can be seen around the anus. 3- ­Conjunctival aphthosis is very ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
CLASSIFICATION TREE AS PREDICTOR OF TYPE IV WHO KIDNEY INVOLVEMENT, USING CLINICAL AND LABORATORY TESTS, IN SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (SLE).</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/158?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 23:47:14 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Purpose: To use clinical and laboratory tests instead of kidney biopsy for the diagnosis of type IV WHO renal involvement in SLE.
Methods: Patients with SLE were divided in two groups according to their kidney biopsy: type IV WHO (110 patients) and other forms (98 patients). Each group was further divided in two groups: the learning sample and the validation ample. The classification and regression tree method was used for the analysis of the data (38 clinical and laboratory parameters).
Results: The simplest tree having the best accuracy was chosen as bellow. The tree had a sensitivity of 75%, a specificity of 94%, and an accuracy of 84.5%.
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
On going epidemiological survey on Behcet&#039;s Disease in Iran; Tendency toward milder forms of the disease.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/157?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 23:46:39 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Introduction: Iran is among the countries with high prevalence of Behcet's Disease (BD). The epidemiological survey on different aspects of the disease has been continuously carrying out since 1975 in our center. The aim of this study was to find if the characteristics of the disease are changing through the time.
Patients & Methods: In a cohort of 4130 patients with BD, registered at our BD unit during the past 25 years, two groups were selected according to the time of their first visit. 1- Patients seen between 1975 to March 1991 (old group). 2- ­Patients seen between March 1993 to December 1999 (recent group). We introduced a time lag of 2 years between the two groups and omitted the patients seen during that time to intensify a possible difference. Different manifestations of the disease, including 100 clinical and paraclinical parameters, were compared by the chi square test.
Results: There were 1777 ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Intermediate term results of combination therapy with low dose pulse Cyclophosphamide and  Methotrexate in ocular lesions of Behcet&#039;s Disease.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/156?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 23:46:17 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Introduction: In a preliminary report to the 8'" International Congress on Behcet's Disease (BD) in 1998, we showed the efficacy of combination therapy with low dose pulse Cyclophosphamide (LDP) and Methotrexate (MTX) in posterior uveitis (PU) and retinal vasculitis (RV) of BD. We present here our experience with more patients and a longer follow up.
Patients & Methods: BD Patients who were on the association of LDP and MTX due to PU and/or RV, and had received the drugs for more than 9 months, were selected for this evaluation. LDP was administered as 0.5 g/m2/body surface/month by intravenous infusion and MTX as 7.5 mg/week orally, as well as Prednisolone 0.5 mg/Kg/day orally. A disease activity index (DAI) based on the inflammatory state of each section of each eye, the visual acuity (VA), and a total adjusted DAI for each patient was calculated. Improvement and stabilization of the lesions were accepted as ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Pulse Cyclophosphamide for Ocular Lesions of Behcet&#039;s Disease: double blind crossover study.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/155?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 23:42:47 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Introduction: Ocular lesions of Behcet's Disease (BD) need aggressive treatment to prevent from severe loss of vision or blindness. Cytotoxic drugs are thought to be effective, but no control study has yet been done to show their efficacy. This study was designed to evaluate the short-term efficacy of pulse cyclophosphamide (PCP) in a randomized double blind control study.
Materials & methods: PCP was used as lg per square meter of body surface in one liter of normal saline by intravenous infusion, once monthly, for the PCP group. Normal saline was administered alone for the placebo group. Prednisolone was given to both groups as 0.5 mg/kg/ daily. After 3 months, the two groups were interchanged. Inclusion Criteria: 1- Fulfilling the Classification Tree for BD. 2- Existence of active posterior uveitis (PU) and/or retinal vasculitis (RV). A Disease Activity Index (DAI) was calculated for each patient and for each section of each eye ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Long-term outcome of ocular manifestations in Behcet&#039;s Disease.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/154?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 23:41:58 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Introduction: The natural history of ocular manifestations is very poor in Behcet's Disease (BD). The lesions progress by successive attacks leading to sever loss of vision or blindness. Aggressive treatments, by the association of cytotoxic drugs and steroids, have dramatically changed the outcome. However, still some ophthalmologists are convinced that the improvement is temporary and in the long run the eyes progress toward blindness. The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome of visual acuity (VA) in patients with more than 10 years of ocular manifestations and compare them to patients with less duration.
Materials and Methods: From our database all patients having posterior uveitis and/or retinitis, and having received cytotoxic drugs (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, chlorambucil, azathioprine, cyclosporine A) and prednisolone were selected. They were divided upon the duration of their eye lesions to 3 groups. Group 1: Less than 5 years. Group 2: Between 5 and 10 years. Group ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
MANAGEMENT OF OSTEOARTHRITIS.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/153?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 23:41:26 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
The physiology of chondrocyte is summarized in matrix synthesis and degradation. The imbalance between the two seems to be the trigger for osteoarthritis. The end products of matrix degradation result in inflammation that will cause the release of interleukine-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF α) by synovial cells. Non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAID) by reducing the inflammation may interfere at this level and reduce the release of these cytokines. IL-1 and TNF α will stimulate chondrocytes resulting in the activation of inactive matrix metalloproteinases, activation of chondrocyte metalloproteinase synthesis, increase in synthesis and expression of IL-1 and TNF α	receptors, synthesis and release of IL-1 and TNF α by chondrocyte itself, synthesis and release of nitric oxide via inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), depression of chondrocyte anabolism, and apoptosis. Avocado/Soya unsaponifiables and doxycycline can inhibit metalloproteinase can inhibit metalloproteinases. Many products may inhibit NO synthesis or its release ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Mid-term Results of Azathiopriae to Ocular Lesions of Behcet&#039;s Disease.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/152?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 23:40:58 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
lntroduction: Ocular lesions of Behcet's Disease (BD) need aggressive treatment to prevent from severe loss of vision or blindness. Cytotoxic drugs are necessary for the treatment. A short-term study with azathioprine (AZA) was presented to the 8th lnternational Conference on Behcet's Disease. The aim of this study is to present the results for a longer period of time.
Materials & methods: Patients (32) who received more than 9 months of treatment were selected for this study. They received 2-mg/kg azathioprine daily. They also received 0.5-mg/kg/daily of prednisolone. Upon the control of inflammation prednisolone was gradually tapered. A Disease Activity Index (DAI) was calculated for anterior uveitis (AU), posterior uveitis (PU), and retinal vasculitis (RV). Visual acuity (VA) was calculated with a Snellen chart. A Total Adjusted Disease Activity Index (TADAI) was calculated for each patient on the sum of the indexes of both eyes. A confidence interval (C!) was calculated for ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
OUTCOME MEASUREMENT OF OCULAR LESIONS IN BEHCETS DISEASE.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/151?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 23:40:32 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Introduction: The ocular lesions of Behcet's disease (BD) progress usually toward severe loss of vision or blindness, and therefore need aggressive treatment. However, even such a treatment is not always successful. We used classification and regression tree (cart) method to see if some factors could predict the result of the future treatment.
Methods: Eight hundreds and thirty patients who fulfilled the Iran criteria for BD were selected for this study. They had all active posterior uveitis and/or retinal vasculitis. They were treated with an association of one cytotoxic drug (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, chlorambucil, or cyclosporine A) and prednisolone for at least 12 months. A good outcome was defined as an eye with a visual acuity (VA) of 0.4 or better on the Snellen chart, in a patient who improved his Total Adjusted Disease Activity Index (VA, anterior and posterior uveitis, retinal vasculitis) by 20% or more from the base line. A bad ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
EVALUATION OF SIL2R, ß2 MICROGLOBULIN AND TNFα HAVE A ROLE IN PATHOGENESIS OF RHUMATOID ARTHRITIS.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/150?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 23:39:54 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Purpose: The pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is not well understood. Looking for three mediators [Soluble Interleukine 2 Receptor (SIL2R), ß2 Microglobulin (ß2M) and Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNF α)] in RA patients sera and synovial fluid (SF) may clear some aspects of it.
Methods: The above named mediators were estimated in 72 RA patient sera and SF, 13 patient with osteoarthritis (as patient control) and 130 blood donor (as normal control). Samples have been take at active phase of disease. ELISA technique was employed to evaluate them.
Results: Significant difference was observed between RA patients and two control groups (P
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF BEHCET&#039;S DISEASE.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/149?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 23:39:32 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
The etiology and pathogenesis of Behcet's disease (BD) are still unknown. As for other autoimmune disorders, in a special genetic background an exogenous or endogenous antigen acts as trigger in up-regulating and presenting the pathogenic epitope. The immune system reacts in an abnormal way, in the presence of a probable neuro-endocrine dysfunction(hyperprolactinemia?), by an exaggerated inflammatory response leading to the lesions of the disease.
Genetic background: On the basis of chromosomal mapping and association analysis, the critical region for BD in the human MHC could be pinpointed to a 46-kb segment between the MIC-A (MHC class I chain-related gene A) and HLA-B gene. The major susceptibility gene is the HLA-B*51 allele itself. The increase of MIC-A009 allele in BD patients is secondary to the strong linkage disequilibrium with B51.
Antigen: Some exogenous or endogenous antigen(s) such as bacteria (streptococcal strains), virus (herpes simplex virus), or host cross-reactive antigens may trigger the BD ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Evaluation of the effect of Acetazolamide on Cystoid Macular Edema in Patients with Behcet’s disease.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/148?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 23:38:43 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
To study the effect of acetazolamide on Cystoid Macular Edema (CME) in patients with Behcet's disease, twenty three patients (46 eyes) who had chronic, but controlled uveitis associated cystoid macular edema were randomized into a double masked, cross - over trial comparing acetazolamide (250mg bid) versus placebo.
Eighteen patients (36 eyes) completed the trial (11 males, 7 females). Although acetazolamide trial led to slightly better results in decreaing CME angiographically, over that of placebo (9 vs 4 eye) and improving visual acuities (8 eyes vs 5 eyes) but we concluded that a 4 week course of acetazolamide therapy has no statistically significant effect on neither visual aciuty results nor fluorescein angiographic findings of Behcet's Patients.
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
COMPARISON OF POLYMYOSITIS TO POLYMYOSITIS-SCLERODERMA OVERLAP SYNDROME.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/147?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 23:37:39 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Purpose: Polymyositis (PM) is an inflammatory muscle disease, which has more overlap with scleroderma than other connective tissue diseases. The aim of this study is to compare the clinical, paraclinical and therapeutic response of polymyositis with polymyositis-scleroderma overlap syndrome.
Methods: During the past 10 years we had 16 overlap syndromes and 40 primary polymyositis. All patients were classified by the American college of Rheumatology classification criteria. Ninety-seven items were checked in every patient. Comparison was done with Chi square test. The Yates correction formula was applied when necessary.
Results: The data seen in the polymyositis group versus the overlap group were as follow: Constitutional symptoms 68.9% /56.3% (P=0.54), acute onset of the disease 12.2% / 8.8% (P=1), proximal muscle weakness 64.2% / 68.8% (P=0.86). There was no significant difference for dysphagia, cardiac involvement, and articular manifestations. Raynaud's phenomenon 22.2% / 56.3% (P=0.04). Increased muscle enzymes (LDH, CPK, SGOT) and high ESR showed ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Radioloyic Sacroiliac Involvement in Behcet&#039;s Disease; A control study.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/146?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 23:37:00 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Introduction: The association of Behcet’s disease (BD) and Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) is still a controversial subject. As the presence of sacroiliac joint (SIJ) involvement is an essential criterion in the diagnosis of AS, we decided to determine the prevalence of SIJ involvement in BD and compare it with control group.
Materials & Methods: We selected randomly 199 BD patients and 168 non-BD cases (CG), in a 12 month period (between April 1998 to May 1999). All were over 20 yr. of age. Standard anteroposterior radiographs of the SlJ were obtained and interpreted by two Rheumatologists and a Radiologist blinded to the diagnosis. The following 5-points scale was employed: Normal (0), pseudo-widening (1), sclerosis (2), erosion (3), and bony fusion (4). To eliminate any doubt about sacroiliitis only grade 3 and 4 were accepted as SIJ involvement. Both groups were evaluated according to their age (before 30/over 30), and sex separately. The ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Sensitivity of Diagnostic Criteria in United States Patients with Behcet&#039;s Disease (BD).</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/145?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 23:36:04 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
The sensitivity of diagnostic criteria for BD in patients from the United States (US) is unknown. We compared the sensitivity of the 6 major diagnostic criteria in 164 consecutive US Behcet patients diagnosed clinically over a 12 year period. Patients were not prospectively evaluated and pathergy testing was carried out in only 27 of these patients. The sensitivity of these criteria was evaluated in the entire group, in the 27 patients who had pathergy testing and in the group of 137 patients who were not formally tested.
In the total group, the Classification Tree was the most sensitive (91.5% ± 4.3) and the International Study Group criteria were the least sensitive (75.6% +6.6), p­= 0.001. We found no statistical difference in the sensitivity of any criteria when applied to patients who have or have not had formal pathergy testing when compared with the Chi square test (with the Yates correction). However, ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Treatment of Ocular Manifestations of Behcet&#039;s Disease.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/144?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 23:35:20 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Purpose: Ocular lesions are the major cause of morbidity in Behcet's Disease. Cytotoxic drugs are the main therapeutic agents. We present here a comparative study of 8 methods in 1056 treated cases.
Materials & Methods: In an open, non­randomized control study, Pulse Cyclophosphamide (PCP), low dose PCP (LDP), oral Cyclophosphamide (OCP), weakly methotrexate (MTX), chlorambucil (CHL), cyclosporine A (CYA), azathioprine (AZA), and combination therapy with LDP and MTX (COM) were used in a standard protocol. Inclusion Criteria were: 1- Fulfilling the Classification Tree criteria. 2- Presence of active posterior uveitis (PU) and/or retinal vasculitis (RV). A Total Inflammatory Activity Index (TIAI) was calculated for each patient on the inflammatory state of the anterior chamber, the uvea, and the retina. Visual acuity (VA): was calculated by the Snellen chart. The threshold level for improvement or aggravation was set to 30% change from the entry data. The Improvement or stabilization of VA or ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Clinical features in Systemic Sclerosis in early and late phases. Analysis of 53 patients.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/143?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 23:15:08 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Objective: Systemic sclerosis is a generalized disorder of connective tissue disease. This study surveyed the clinical manifestations of systemic sclerosis in early (6 years) phases of limited and diffuse variants.
Methods: Nineteen patients with diffuse and thirty-four cases with limited form of disease were selected consecutively from 1992 to 1998. Sixty-five clinical data were evaluated and then analyzed by MC-Nemar chi square test between two forms in both phases.
Results:
(1) There were no significant differences of clinical manifestations in both phases of diffuse disease.
(2) Telangiectasias (p < 0.0005), Raynaud's phenomenon (p < 0.007). hy­perpigmentation (p < 0.01), and esophagitis (p < 0.02) were obtained significantly more in late phase of limited form.
(3) Comparison between two forms in early phase showed there were no significant differences in clinical presentations.
(4) Motor dysphagia was only manifestation that significantly seen (p < 0.02) more in diffuse form of the late phase.
Conclusion: Comparison between our data and ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
CONVULSION AND ITS RELATION TO ANTI-DNA ANTIBODY LEVELS IN SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/142?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 23:14:29 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
The neuropsychiatric manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus are frequent. One of the most serious presentations is convulsion. This study was carried out to evaluate the relation between convulsion and anti-DNA antibody levels. An analytic, retrospective case-controlled study was carried out, with reference to 1001 recorded cases of systemic SLE lupus erythematosus in Lupus Unit, Rheumatology Center, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. The frequency Of convulsion was 13.3%. There was no significant difference in the frequency of convulsion in patients with different levels of anti-DNA antibodies. Anti-DNA antibody is not an important diagnostic and activity criterion for neuropsychiatric manifestations of SLE.
Key words: Anti-DNA autibody, SLE, convulsion
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Pulse Cyclophosphamide (PCP) for Ocular Lesions Of Behcet’s Disease: Double Blind Crossover Study.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/141?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 23:13:44 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Introduction: Ocular lesions of Behcet’s Disease (BD) need aggressive treatment to prevent from severe loss of vision or blindness. Although cytotoxic drugs are thought to be the main therapeutic arsenal, no control study has yet been done to demonstrate their efficacy. This study was designed t evaluate the short-term efficacy of pulse cyclophosphamide in a randomized double blind control study.
Materials & Methods: PCP was used as Ig per square meter of body surface in I liter normal saline by intravenous infusion, once monthly for the PCP group. Normal saline was administered alone for the placebo group. Prednisolone was given to both groups  as 0.5 mg/kg/daily. After 3 months (3 PCP), the two groups were interchanged. Inclusion Criteria were: 1- Fulfilling the Iran criteria for BD. 2- Existence of active posterior  uveitis (PU) and/or retinal vasculitis (RV) . A Disease Activity Index (DAI) was calculated for each patient and ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
PREGNANCY OUTCOME IN SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/140?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 23:13:17 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Objective: To assess the course of maternal disease and outcome of preg­nancy in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
Patients and Methods: One hundred SLE patients who carried out 128 pregnancies were studied retrospectively. These patients were followed in lupus unit every one to two months by the rheumatologist and obstetrician team throughout pregnancy. Some patients were given prophylactic low-dose Prednisolone. Lupus flares were treated by increasing Prednisolone doses. Patients who had antiphospholipid antibodies were given Aspirin or Heparin.
Results: From 128 pregnancies, there were 71 normal pregnancies (55%), 25 spontaneous abortions (20%), 10 stillbirths (8%), 8 premature (6%) and 14 therapeutic abortions (11%). 19 pregnant had positive anti-Cardiolipin antibodies (aCL). From these 19 patients with positive aCL, 7 cases had normal childbirth (37%), 9 cases had spontaneous abortions (47%), one case had premature and two cases had stillbirths (11%). From 67 pregnancies who had conception during SLE remission, 8 patients (12%) ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
BONE MINERAL DENSITY IN ATHLETE WOMEN. ANALYSIS OF THIRTY-NINE CASES.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/139?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 23:12:49 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Objective: Exercises, especially sports have an effective role in increasing of Bone Mineral Density (BMD). This study surveyed the bone density in athlete women compared to Iranian standard BMD at the same age and sex.
Methods: This study was a prospective survey on thirty-nine athlete women between 20 to 30 years old. Subjects were selected randomly in six different athletes groups including basketball, volleyball, tennis, badminton, swimming and running.
BMD was measured with a Hologic 1000 plus machine by Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) method for the lumber spine (L1, L2, L3, L4, L1-4) and the femoral neck (Neck, Trochanter, Intertrochanter, Ward, Total). Data were treated by paired t test.
Results: There were significant differences between BMD of athlete women groups with Iranian normal population for both femoral neck (p = 0.03) and spine (p = 0.001).
The BMD of femoral neck was significantly higher in badminton (p = 0.0095), volleyball (p = 0.03), ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
APLAR EVALUATION OF BEHCET&#039;S DISEASE DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/138?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 23:11:29 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
INTRODUCTION: There are six sets of diagnosis criteria for Behcet's Disease (BD). There is yet no general agreement on which one to use. The International criteria was created to bring this agreement. The aim of this study was to evaluate these criteria, especially the performance of the International criteria.
MATERIALS and METHODS: Three countries (China, Iran and Korea) participated in the study. In each country, BD patients were selected as every consecutive patient. Patients from the 3 countries were put together into a single pool. The same was done for control patients with at least one of the major symptoms of BD. The sensitivity, the specificity, and the accuracy of each set of criteria was calculated for the pool of patients. A confidence interval at 95% was calculated for each result.
RESULT: The Mason and Barnes criteria was the least sensitive criteria (57.9% ± 6.6). The most sensitive was the Classification Tree ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Azathioprine for The Treatment of Ophthalmological  Lesions of Behcet’s Disease.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/137?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 23:11:02 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Introduction: Posterior uveitis (PU) and retinal vasculitis (RV) are the main morbidity factor in Behcet’s Disease (BD). They usually progress toward severe loss of vision or blindness. They need aggressive treatment with cytotoxic drugs. Azathioprine was demonstrated, in a double blind control study, to be effective in Behcet’s Disease.  The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Azathioprine in ocular lesions of BD, and to compare its efficacy with Pulse Cyclophosphamide (PCP).
Materials and Methods: We used the same protocol that we have used for other cytotoxic drugs in the treatment of ocular lesions of BD. Twenty-nine patients were selected randomly. They received 2-mg/kg azathioprine daily. They also received 0.5-mg/kg/daily of prednisolone. Upon the control of inflammation prednisolone was gradually tapered. A Disease Activity Index (DAI) was calculated for anterior uveitis (AU), the PU, and the RV. Visual acuity (VA) was calculated with a Snellen chart. A ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Bone Mass Density in Normal Iranian Population.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/136?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 23:10:26 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
The bone mass density (BMD) may vary in different countries due to different genetic and environmental factors. This study was performed to determine the BMD of the normal population in Iran. 
Subjects were selected randomly from different social workers classes in Tehran (from the lowest to the highest). For each decade and sexes, 20 normal subjects were selected (140 men and 140 women). BMD was measured with a Hologic 1000 plus machine by Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) method for the lumbar spine (L1,L2, L3, L4, L1-4) and the femoral neck (Neck, Trochanter, Intertrochanter, Ward, Total). Data were treated by polynomial approximation (3rd degree). The obtained curves were compared with the standard Hologic curves for Caucasians. In females the Peak Bone Mass (PBM) was 1.019 g/cm2for the lumbar spine and 0.832 for the femoral neck. In males the Peak Bone Mass (PBM)	was 0.987 g/cm2 for the lumbar spine and 0.907 ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Cardiac Involvement in Behcet&#039;s disease, a case control study.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/135?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 23:09:47 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Introduction: Behcet's disease (BD) is a multisystem disease characterized by recurrent oral and genital ulcers, skin and ocular lesions. Other organ involvement occurs as minor manifestations of the disease. Cardiac involvement is not a common feature of the disease, but may be a sign for poor prognosis. The exact prevalence of cardiac involvement is not exactly known, only selected cases are reported in the literature. Our study .was designed to find the prevalence and  characteristics of cardiac involvement in Iranian patients with BD. 
Materials & Methods: All cases referred to Behcet's clinic for diagnosis (comprising BD and non- BD patients), from November 1996 to March I997, were enrolled in a double blind case control study. The cardiologist was unaware of the diagnosis. A complete cardiac examination; clinical, electrocardiography (ECG), chest X-rays (CXR) and echocardiography (M-mode, Two dirnensional, Doppler, Color flow mapping) was jperformed for all. The evaluated cardiac symptoms ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Combination Therapy with Low Dose Pulse Cyclophosphamide and Methotrexate in Ocular Lesions of Behcet’s Disease.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/134?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 23:07:51 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Introduction: Cytotoxic drugs are all effective in the treatment of ocular lesions of Behcet’s disease (BD). However, with all methods there are some patients that their eye lesions will progress despite the treatment. This study was designed to find whether a combination therapy with 2 of these drugs could have better effect in reducing the rate of non-responders.
Materials & Methods: Twenty eight patients diagnosed as BD (according to the Iran and to the Japan criteria) with posterior uveitis (PU) and/or retinal vasculitis (RV) were selected. They all received low dose pulse cyclophosphamide (LDP) as 0.5 g/m2/month by intravenous infusion, Methotrexate (MTX) as 7.5 mg/week orally in 3 divided doses, and Prednisolone 0.5 mg/kg/day orally. A Disease Activity Index (DAI), based on the inflammatory state of each section of each eye, a visual acuity (VA) measure for each eye, and a Total Adjusted DAI for each patient was calculated. Improvement and ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Comparison of Juvenile wth Adult Behcet’s Disease.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/133?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 23:07:31 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Introduction: Behcet’s disease (BD) is not rare in children. Its clinical picture differs from adults. The purpose of this study was 1-To find the characteristics of juvenile BD (JBD). 2-To compare JBD with the adult from (ABD) of the disease.
Materials & Methods: In a cohort of 3729 patients with BD, different manifestations of the disease, including 100 clinical and paraclinical data, were analyzed. Patients were divided in two groups. 1- Patients who developed their disease before the age of 16 (JBD groups). All of them fulfilled enough criteria to be classified or diagnosed as BD before the age 16, although the diagnosis was delayed in some of them until the adulthood. 2- The adult group (ABD). The two groups were compared by the chi square test. A confidence interval at 95% (CI) was calculated for each item.
Results: We had 162 patients with JBD (4.3%, CI=0.7). The male to female ratio ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
OVERLAP IN CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES EVALUATION OF 119 CASES.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/132?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 23:06:57 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
The overlap syndrome is a vague entity in the group of connective tissue diseases. It is unclear whether it is fortuitous association of two or more connective tissue diseases (CTD), or a distinct disease. The early description of this syndrome was "a collection symptoms of CTD and the existence of anti - nRNP antibody". Many studies however, show that the anti - nRNP antibody is not specific for diagnosis. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the clinical and laboratory features of the overlap syndrome in 70 patients with SLE and 49 patients with PM/DM. The main features were then compared with those of the non overlapped disease (SLE or PM/DM) to search for any differences. Sharp, who first described this syndrome believed that the disease was a benign one. We compared the type of the treatment and the mortality rate. Our results seem to show that the overlap ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Epidemiology Of Behcet’s Disease In Middle East And Asia.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/131?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 23:06:14 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Historical Background: Behcet's Disease (BD) is mainly seen along the Silk Rout This very peculiar geographical distribution arises the  question that weather the disease was spread from east to west or from west to east. The epidemiology of BD in Iran shows that the genetic background is related to the East Asians (Mongoloid) race. This finding  suggests that BD was spread along the Silk Route from East to West.
Geographical Area: Middle East is situated between Europe and East Asia. It comprises countries from Asia and Africa (Libya, Egypt, Jordan, Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Kuwait, Qatar and Emirates). For some geographer it includes the northern part of Africa up to Morocco. There is a lack of data from many countries of the Silk Route, mainly from Central Asia from the former Soviet Union countries (Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Azerbaijan) and from South ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Epidemiology of Behcet&#039;s disease in Iran.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/130?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 23:05:50 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Introduction: The geographical distribution of Behcet's Disease (B.D) is thought to be due to the predisposing factor(s) spread along the Silk Route. It is widely accepted that the predisposing factor(s) is of genetic origin. However the rarity of BD among Hawaiian's Japanese immigrants may be in favor of environmental factors. Iran is situated in the middle of the Silk Route. Caucasians account for 75.4%, Turks (from Mongoloid ethnic origin) for 22%, and Semites for 2.6% of the population. The first study done in Iran was on 1065 patients and in 1992. It was presented to the 7th APLAR congress of Rheumatology. It showed an increase in the incidence of the disease among Turks. An increase in the incident of the disease, in the same geographical area, in a particular ethnic group was in favor of the genetic predisposition of the disease. It showed that the genetic background was derived from ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Familial Oral Aphthosis in General Population As Compared To Behcet’s Disease.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/129?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 23:05:24 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Introduction: Oral aphthosis (OA) is seen in 96% of patient with Behcet’s Disease (BB) OA is said to be rather frequent in the general population. It was therefore interesting to determine whether OA in the general population had also a genetic background as it is for BD. It was also interesting to determine if the genetic background was similar in both conditions (BD and OA in the general population). Therefore, it was necessary to find: 1- The incidence of OA in the general population and in their first-degree relatives. 2- The ethnic distribution of individuals with OA and without OA in the general population. 3- The incidence of familial OA in BD patients. 4- The ethnic distribution in BD patients.
Materials and Methods: From a general dermatology setting, 1365 persons were selected consecutively. They were evaluated for the presence of OA in themselves and in their first-degree relative (father, mother, brother, ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Familial Study in Behcet&#039;s Disease, Analysis of 1242 Patients.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/128?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 23:04:51 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Introduction: The etiology of Behcet's disease (BD) is unknown, but like other autoimmune disorders both environmental and genetic factors contribute to its pathophysiology. The familial form of BD is in favor of a genetic predisposition. This study was designed to evaluate the prevalence of the familial form and their possible effect on the disease expression in Iranian patients.   
Materials & Methods: We studied prospectively 1242 consecutive patients with BD, seen in Behcet's clinic from October 1996 to April 1998. They were classified into two groups according to the presence or absence of a family history of BD. Different manifestations of the disease, including 100 clinical and paraclinical data were compared between the two groups by chi square test and Fisher exact test. A confidence interval at 95% (CI) was calculated for each item.
Results: Positive familial history for BD was present in 68 patients (5.5%, CI = 1.3). In ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Iconography Of Non Classic Muco-cutaneous Lesions Of Behcet’s Disease.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/127?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 23:04:24 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Introduction: Mucous membrane manifestations of Behcet's Disease (BD) are the most important and frequent lesions of the disease. The classic lesions are well known. Other forms exist that are not given usually
enough attention.
Mucous Membrane Manifestations: The classical lesions are the oral and the genital aphthosis. 0ther forms are: 1- Rare forms of oral aphthosis: a/- ­Punctiform aphthous lesions: They are small and difficult to see. b/- The miliaria aphthosis: It resembles the punctiform aphthosis, but the elements are numerous, more than 50. c/- The herpetiform lesions are grouped together like herpes simplex. They may be mistaken with miliaria aphthosis. d/- Striated pattern lesion: a rare and curious form resembling lichen planus. It is painful and has a well-limited margin. 2- Anal aphthosis: It is rare. It is external and close to the sphincter. It is like the genital aphthosis. 3- Conjunctival aphthosis: It is rare, ephemera, and usually missed due ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Juvenile Behcet&#039;s Disease: Diagnosed Before Or After Childhood?</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/126?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 23:03:46 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Introduction: Behcet's disease (BD) is underdiagnosed in children. It is mainly due to the wide range manifestations of the disease, the low specificity of the symptoms, and the unfamiliarity of most physicians with childhood BD. These patients are not included in the juvenile group and may be a cause of controversy in the description of BD in children. The aim of this study was to find if the characteristics of juvenile BD differ when diagnosed before or after the age of 16, and to compare them with adults in whom the disease started in childhood.
Materials & Methods: In a cohort of 3729 patients with BD, three groups selected. 1- Patients under the age of 16, as childhood diagnosed (CDBD). 2- Patients in whom BD developed before the age 16 but was diagnosed after 16, as childhood completed (CCBD). 3- Those in whom the onset of BD was before 16 but ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Methotrexate in the Treatment of Ocular Lesions of Behcet’s Disease in Children.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/125?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 23:03:07 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Introduction: Different methods of treatment were employed in ocular lesions of Behcet’s disease (BD) in adults. Most of them are not permitted in children due to their potential toxicity. Methotrexate (MTX) has gained wide acceptance for the treatment of childhood rheumatic diseases. On the other hand, we showed in several reports the efficacy of MTX in the treatment of ocular lesions of BD. This study was designed to show the effect of MTX in juvenile BD.
Materials & Methods: Eighteen patients diagnosed as BD (according to the Iran and to the Japan criteria) with posterior uveitis (PU) and/or retinal vasculitis (RV) were selected. The disease had developed before age 16 in all (ranging between 7 to 16 with a mean of 13.7 + 2.6). They all received MTX, 7.5 mg/week orally in 3 divided doses, in addition to Prednisolone (0.5 mg/Kg/day orally), A disease activity index (DAI) based on the inflammatory ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
METHOTREXATE FOR OCULAR LESIONS OF BEHCET&#039;S DISEASE. COHORT STUDY ON 262 PATIENTS.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/124?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 23:02:28 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
INTRODUCTION: Ocular lesions of Behcet's Disease (BD) progress usually toward severe loss of vision or blindness, if not aggressively treated. Cytotoxic drugs are the main therapeutic arsenals used for it: Low dose methotrexate (MTX) by its safety and its efficacy is one of the best therapeutic choices.
MATERIALS &METHODS: MTX was used as 7.5 mg weekly. Prednisolone was associated as 0.5 mg/kg/ daily. Upon the suppression of the inflammatory reaction, prednisolone was tapered gradually. Inclusion Criteria were:1- Fulfilling the Iran criteria for BD. 2- Existence of active posterior uveitis (PU) and/or retinal vasculitis (RV). 3- Treatment time not less than 6 months. Total Inflammatory Activity Index (TIAI) was calculated for each patient upon the inflammatory state of the anterior chamber, the uvea, and the retina. Visual acuity (VA): was calculated by the Snellen chart. The threshold level for improvement or aggravation was set to 20% change from the base line.
RESULTS: The ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Pulse Cyclophosphamide for ocular Manifestations of Behcet&#039;s Disease. Cohort study on 283 patients.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/123?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 23:01:47 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Introduction: Posterior uveitis (PU) and retinal vasculitis (RV) usually progress toward severe loss of vision or blindness, if not aggressively treated. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of Pulse Cyclophosphamide (PCP) in a cohort study.
Methods: This study includes all patients treated with PCP from 1986 to 1998, for active PU and or RV. PCP was administered as Ig cvclophosphamide/m2/body surface, once per month. Prednisolone was given daily as 0.5 mg/kg. A Disease Activity Index (DAI) was calculated for PU and RV. Visual acuity (VA) was evaluated for each eye. A Total Adjusted Disease Activity Index (TADAI) was calculated for each patient by adding the different adjusted DAI (according to their aggressiveness) and VA together.
Results: The mean follow up time was 23.8 months (minimum 6, maximum 90 months). The mean PCP was 12.8 per patient. The entry data were as follows: mean DAI was 2.3 for PU ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
The comparison of Clinical Manifestations between Scleroderma and overlap Syndrome (Polymyositis with Scleroderma).</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/122?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 23:00:38 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
The objective of this study was to compare the clinical manifestations of scleroderma(Scl) and overlap syndrome(Scl/PM). Seventy four patients with thirty five months symptoms duration of scleroderma (sixty five women, nine men) and fifteen with thirty two months symptoms duration of overlap (nine women , six men) were studied over a period of 8 years. The mean age at the disease onset was 31.8 years in Scl and 31.6 years in Scl/PM.
Fatigue was seen in 21 patients with Scl and 3 patients with Scl/PM (p=0.33). Arthritis we seen in 27 Scl and 8 Scl/PM (p=0.13). Arthralgia was seen in 24 Scl and 3 Scl/PM (p=0.52). Skin edema was seen in 10 Scl and 3 Scl/PM (p=0.29). Face sclerosis was seen in 73 Scl and 15 Scl/PM (p=0.07). Limb sclerosis was seen in 73 Scl and 15 Scl/PM (p=0.07). Trunk and chest sclerosis was seen in 17 Scl and one Scl/PM ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Does spondyloarthropathy Seen in Behcet’s Disease (BD) Change The Features Of BD? </title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/121?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 22:59:30 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
INTRODUCTION: BD has been reported to be associated with ankylosing .spondylitis (AS) in many cases. We observed spondyloarthropathy (SpA) in our Behcet's patients more than in the normal population of Iran which is 0.18% (p
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Vascular Involvement In Behcet’s Disease: Report Of 323 Cases.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/120?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 22:58:57 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Introduction: Vascular involvement, as a hallmark of Behcet’s disease (BD), involves arteries and veins of all size and may be a poor prognostic sign. Like the other manifestations of the disease, its prevalence varies widely according to the reports from different parts of the world (7.7 to 60%). The difference may be due to ethic variation or environmental factors. The aim of this study is to find the characteristics of vascular Behcet (VB) in Iran.
Materials & Methods: In a cohort of 3723 patients with BD, those with vascular involvement were selected. Different manifestations of the disease, including 100 clinical and paraclinical parameters,  were determined and compared with the remaining group of patients (not having VB) by chi square test and Fisher exact test. A confidence interval at 95% (CI) was calculated for each item.
Results: Vascular involvement was seen in 323 cases (8.7%, CI=0.9). Venous involvement was seen more frequently: ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
 Vasculitis in Ocular Lesions Of Behcet’s Disease, Impact on Outcome.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/119?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 22:57:40 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Introduction: Ocular lesions are the leading cause of morbidity in Behcet’s disease (BD).
Many factors contribute to the loss of vision in BD, as uveitis, retinal vasculitis, and their secondary complications such as cataract, hemorrhage, vessel necrosis, neovascularization, optic atrophy, etc. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of retinal vasculitis on the evaluation of ocular Behcet’s (OB) and its outcome after an early or late treatment.
Materials & Methods: From patients attending regularly the special Eye Clinic of the Behcet's Unit during the years 1996 to 1998, two hundred and fifty patients were selected. They fulfilled the Classification Tree criteria, but had enough symptoms to fulfill all other major diagnosis criteria for BD. The 250 patients were selected randomly from all patients attending the Eye Clinic. Two subgroups were determined according to the time of starting the treatment: Group A, including 131 patients with early treatment; Group B, ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
BEHCET&#039;S DISEASE – ANALYSIS OF 3443 CASES.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/118?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 22:54:29 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Behcet's Disease (BD) is classified among the Vasculitides. It is characterized by mucocutaneous and ophthalmologic manifestations and seen mostly in the Northern Hemisphere and in countries along the silk road. The characteristics of BD are presented here in a nation wide analysis of 3443 patients in Iran over a 21 year period. There was a slight male preponderance M.F ratio 1.4:1 (53.3% male/46.7% female). The mean age of onset was 26.2 years. The frequency of symptoms was as follows: oral aphthosis 95.8%, genital aphthosis 64%, skin manifestations 73.6%, ophthalmic manifestation 57.8%, joint manifestations 39.9%. Rarer manifestation include vascular, gastro-intestinal. CNS, epididymitis, cardiac and pulmonary involvement. Laboratory abnormalities include pathergy phenomenon in 61.5%, HLA-B5 54.6%, HLA-B27 9.6% and a false positive reaction for syphilis 2%. 55.8% had a raised ESR and 6.7% urinary abnormalities.
There are two nation-wide surveys of BD in the world - the Iran and Japan Surveys. Although some ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Outcome of Patients With Ocular Lesions of Behcet&#039;s Disease (BD) Non Responding to Classical Treatments.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/117?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 22:53:48 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Introduction: We reported last year, during the ACR annual meeting, the result of different treatment modalities for ocular lesions of BD in 856 patients. We showed that pulse cyclophosphamide (PCP), low dose pulse cyclophosphamide (LDP), oral cyclophosphamide (OCP), weakly methotrexate (MTX), chloambucil (CHL), and cyclosparine A (CYA) had all the same efficacy. The percentage of the eyes aggravated (visual acuity) despite the treatment was: For PCP: 21%, LDP: 22%, OCP: 17%, MTX: 20%, CHL: 19%, CYA: 23%. The difference was not statistically significant. We proposed for these non responder patients, to switch their treatment protocol to another one. The aim of this study was to look at these patients, after they were switched to another treatment, to find their outcome. The main question was will they respond to another treatment, and if yes to what extend.
Materials & Methods: The Total Inflammatory Activity Index (TIDI) was chosen to evaluate the result. ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Polymyositis in Iran, analysis of 124 patients.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/116?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 22:53:18 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
AIM: The aim of this study was to assess the demography of Polymyositis in Iran.
Methods: In the past 20 years, we had seen 124 patients in Rheumatology Research Center. All patients were classified by the American College of Rheumatology classification criteria. Ninety five items were checked for every patient. All patients were followed regularly and the data were updated at each visit.
Results: Seventy one patients were female. The female to male ratio was 2. The acute presentation of the disease was seen in 10%.
The manifestations at the onset of disease were fever in 16%, muscle weakness 45%, myalgia 21%, arthralgia 38%, specific rash 25%.
The clinical manifestations during the disease were: Fever 52%, weight loss 44%, fatigue 50.8%, proximal weakness 98%, myalgia 44%, muscular edema 16%. eyelids edema 33%, heliotrope erythema 41.9%, articular rash 35.5%, periungual erythema 9.7%, malar rash 25.8%, hair lass 39.8% , Calcinosis 5.6%. arthralgia 56%, arthntis 56%, ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Polymyositis in Iranian children, analysis of 47 cases.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/115?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 22:52:52 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the demography of polymyositis in Iranian children. Methods: 47 children classified by the ACR Criteria as having polymyositis were studied. 95 items were checked for every patient. They were followed regularly and the data were updated at each visit. 
Results: Thirty patients were female (64%). The acute presentation of the disease was seen in 10%. The manifestations at the onset of the disease were muscle weakness 60%, specific rash 43%, and arthralgia 43%. The clinical manifestation during the disease were: Constitutional symptoms 85%, proximal weakness 98%, cutaneous involvement 96% arthralgia 63%, arthritis 49%, cardiac manifestations 13%, pulmonary involvement 33.4%, and dysphagia 33.4%. Laboratory tests showed increased muscle enzymes in 100% of patient. Myogenic pattern in electromyography was seen in 98% and myositis pattern in muscle biopsy in 89% of patients.
Conclusion: 1- The most common presentation was the insidious form. 2- the ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
SCLERODERMA IN IRAN, ANALYSIS OF 350 PATIENTS.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/114?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 22:52:26 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the clinical and the laboratory features of scleroderma in Iranian patients.	
Methods: This is a prospective study done on 350 patients from 1975 to 1995. The diagnosis of scleroderma was based on the clinical and the skin biopsy. One hundred clinical and laboratory data were completed for every patients .
Results: The mean age was 29.7 years with a standard deviation (SD) of 13.1, standard error of mean (SEM) of 0.7. 85% of patients were Females. The females to male ratio was 6/1. Manifestations at the disease onset were as follow: Raynaud's phenomenon was seen in 55% of the patient, limb and face skin sclerosis in 28%, edematous skin in 6%, and articular manifestations in 17%. Clinical Manifestations: Fever was seen in 6% of the patients, loss of appetite in 10%, and weight loss in 25%. The skin sclerosis was seen in limbs ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Scleroderma in Iranian children.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/113?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 22:51:40 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Scleroderma may occur in childhood with different characteristics. The present study shows the picture of scleroderma in Iranian children and compares the characteristics in children and adults. Methods: 56 scleroderma patients under 16 were compared with 217 adult scleroderma seen since 1975. Data were compared with Chi square test.
Results: Girls were 44 (79%) and boys 12. The initial presentation was: Raynaud's phenomenon 68%, skin edema 27%, limb skin sclerosis 66%, facial skin sclerosis 23%, GI involvement 18%, joints 32%, and respiratory symptoms 7%. The overall symptoms were as follow: Constitutional symptoms 37%, joint manifestations in 64%, skin manifestations 96%, hypo-pigmentation 14%, pitting ulcers 32%. X-rays showed: Acro-osteolysis 18%, pulmonary involvement 12%, esophageal 11%, anemia 27%, raised ESR in 45%, systemic sclerosis 78%, limited 14%, morphea 7%, and linear 7%.
Conclusion: Skin as the initial manifestation was more frequent (p
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
SLE IN IRAN, ANALYSIS OF 1310 CASES.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/112?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 22:51:10 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the demography of SLE in Iran.
Methods: In the past 20 years, each patient referred to the Lupus Unit had a computerized form with 266 items. All patients were followed regularly and the data were updated at each visit.
Results: We have seen 1310 SLE patients with the following characteristics: The mean age was 24 years, females 89.5%, males 10.5 %, fever 58%, malar rash 62%. discoid lesions 15%, photosensitivity 51%, oral ulcers 36%, polyarthritis 72%, proteinuria 42%, casts 29%, type IV WHO 55%, Convulsion 13% psychosis 5.4%. pericarditis 10%.  Pleuritis/pleuresia 21%. hepatomegalia 10%, splenomegalia 18%, Sjogren: 0.3%, anterior uveitis 0.2%, posterior uveitis 0.8%, retinitis 2%. retinal hemorrahge 1.3%, optic nerve atrophy 1%, leukopcnia 31%. lymphopenia 39%, thrombocytopenia 16%, anemia 48%, hemolytic anemia 4.3%, positive coombs 19%, ESR >100 in 33%, LE cells 63%, FANA 81%. VDRL: 15.4%. anti-Cardiolipin IgG 49%, raised ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
CLINICAL AND LABORATORY MANIFESTATIONS OF THROMBOCYTOPENIA IN PATIENTS WITH SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/111?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 22:50:33 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
In systemic lupus eryThematosus (SLE) various antibodies are produced against cells including platelets and result in thrombocytopenia. !n the literature, the incidence of thrombocytopenia varied from 7% to 52%, in seven series of SLE patients with a mean cumulative percentage of 14.5% (1-5 ). SLE patients referred to the Lupus Unit of the Rheumatology Research Center. Tehran University for Medical Sciences. (Shariati Hospital) during the period of 1975 to 1977 were included in this study. Thrombocytopenic patients were selected and 72 items were studied. The incidence of thrombocytopenia in Iranian SLE patients was 16.6%, which is similar to the mean cumulative percentage mentioned above. There was no difference in sex ratio between thrombocytopenic and nonthrombocytopenic patients. The same, was true for the mean age at the onset of the disease. !n 70% of patients there was mild to moderate thrombocytopenia (platelet from 50000 to 150000 mm3). The remaining (30%) had ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
THE 1996 SURVEY OF BEHCET&#039;S DISEASE IN IRAN, STUDY OF 3153 CASES.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/110?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 22:34:34 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Behcet's disease (BD) is not ran in Iran. The annual incidence is around 345 patients for a population of 60 millions. The male/female ratio is 1. 13. The mean age at the onset of the disease is 26.2+9.7 years (CI at 95%=0 .4). The prevalence of clinical signs were as follow: Mucous membrane lesions 96%+0.7 (oral aphthosis 95.7%, genital aphthosis 64%); skin lesions 74%±I.5 (pseudofolliculitis 66%, erythema nodosum 23%): ocular lesions 59%+1.7 (anterior uveitis 45%, posterior uveitis 46%, retinal vasculius 32%), articular manifestations 41%+1.7 (arthralgia 20%. monoarthritis 9%. oligoarthntis 19%, ankylosing spondylitis 1.7%); neurological manifestations 3.5%+0.3 (central 3.3%, peripheral 0.2%); vascular involvement 9.7%+ 0.5 (deep vein thrombosis 7%, superficial phlebitis 2.2%, large vein thrombosis 1.2%. arterial aneurysm 0.3%); gastrointestinal manifestations 9%+1 (dyspepsia 3.6%, acute abdomen 2%, rectorrhagia 1%, diarrhea 2.1%); cardiopulmonary involvement 
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
APLAR validation of Behcet’s disease (BD) diagnosis criteria, Iran experience.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/109?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 22:33:57 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Considering that the majority of BD patients are from APLAR (Asia and Pacific League of Associations for Rheumatology) countries any diagnosis criteria for BD must have an adequate accuracy in these countries. The APLAR subcommittee for Behcet's Disease has set a prospective study to assess the accuracy of the existing diagnosis criteria. China, Iran, Japan, and Korea, the major countries with BD are participating to this study. The data from Iran were collected on every consecutive and new patients seen at the Behcet’s Unit, from1993. BD patients were 1084 and control patients were 472.
The sensitivity was as fallow: for the Mason and Barnes criteria 60.6% ± 2.9 (confidence interval calculated at 95%). For the O'Duffy criteria 67.2% + 2.8. For the International criteria 79.8% + 2.4. For the Dilsen criteria 83% + 2.2. For the Japan criteria 84.3% + 2.2. For the traditional format of the Iran criteria 91.1% + ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Audiovestibular involvement in Behcet’s Disease (in patients with disease duration of more than 5 years).</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/108?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 22:33:24 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Introduction: We have previously shown that audio vestibular involvement is not frequent in early Behcet's disease (BD) at the time of diagnosis. This study was designed to clarify ­the frequency of audio vestibular involvement in patients with more chronic disease. 
Materials 8 Methods: We studied 60 BD patients with a disease duration of at least 5 years Patients were compared in a prospective study, to 28 controls (age and sex matched). A complete ENT clinical examination, pure tone audiometry (including high frequency speech and impedance) and electronystagmography was performed for all of them. There was no significant difference between the two groups in their past history of head or noise trauma. ear infections. endocrine diseases and positive family history. However BD patients had more frequently used ototoxic drugs (p
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Clinical Features of Behcet’s Disease in Children: A Collaborative Study of 86 cases.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/107?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 22:32:44 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
We collected retrospectively clinical informations about a large series of 86 patients up to 16y of age, from 4 countries: Turquey (43), France (22), Saudi Arabia (11). Iran (10). All cases were first reviewed then 53 of them were selected according to the criteria of the International study group for BD. Statistical analysis: X2 square test and two tailed Fisher exact test. Descriptive data: males 45, females 41, sex ratio 1.1; mean age at diagnosis: 13y (3-16), mean age at onset: 10y (0-16), mean follow-up: I6y (4-29). Familial history of BD: 12 patients. Buccal aphthosis (96%), genital aphthosis (60%), skin hypersensitivity (57%), arthritis (46%), oligoarticular 20%, polyarticular 10%, arthralgias 16%, anterior uveitis (30%), posterior uveitis (30%), retinal vasculitis (20%) and papillar edema (14%), veinous thrombosis (14%), arterial complications (9%),Neuro-Behcet features (26%). Pediatric BD includes an equal sex ratio and a relative high rate of familial cases (15%). Uveitis and vascular ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Behcet’s disease and pregnancy.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/106?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 22:31:59 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Introduction: Behcet's disease (BD) is a multisystem disorder with potential ability to influence pregnancy outcome. Changes in the BD may also occur during pregnancy. This study was designed to find the effect of pregnancy on BD and the outcome of pregnancy.
Materials & Methods: We analyzed 59 pregnancies in 54 women with BD. The disease activity during pregnancy and in the 6 month period both before pregnancy and after delivery were calculated by the Physician Global Assessment (PGA) and the Iran Behcet's Disease Dynamic Activity Measure (IBDDAM). Changes in the disease activity were compared by chi square test. Pregnancy outcome and newborn status were determined.
Results: The mean age of the patients at pregnancy was 27.8+4.5 with a mean disease duration of 5.6+3.7 years. The GPA showed no change in the disease activity in 47% of the patients during pregnancy. The disease exacerbated in 34% and improved in 19% of them. The ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Outcome analysis of ocular lesions in Behcet’s disease with six different therapeutic methods.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/105?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 22:31:27 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Introduction: Ocular lesions are the major cause of morbidity in Behcet's Disease. If not treated, they usually progress toward severe loss of vision or blindness. Cytotoxic drugs are the main therapeutic arsenal used for this condition.
Materials & Methods: in an open, non randomized control study. Pulse Cyclophosphamida (PCP), low dose pulse cyclophosphamide (LDP), oral cyclophosphamide (OCP). weakly methotrexate (MTX), chlorambucil (CHL), and cyclosporine A (CYA) were used in a standard protocol for 856 patients. Inclusion Criteria were: 1- Fulfilling the Iran criteria. 2- Having posterior uveitis (PU) and/or retinal vasculitis (RV). 3- Having an active inflammatory lesion of the eye. Total lnflammatory Activtiy Index (TIAl) was calculated for each patient on the inflammatory state of the anterior chamber, the uvea, and the retina. Visual acuity (VA): was calculated by the Snellen chart. The threshold level for improvement or aggravation was set to 20% change of the entry data. PCP group: ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Behcet’s disease treatment.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/104?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 22:30:54 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
There is not yet an effective treatment for all lesions of Behcet's disease and for all patients with Behcet's disease. The highest morbidity is from the ocular lesions. The mortality, although rare, is due to neurological and pulmonary involvement. Thrombosis of the large veins and arteries, also rare, may lead to morbidity and mortality. In daily practice, the best treatment for muco cutaneous lesions is colchicine. Thalidomide may be efficient in refractory cases however it is an experimental drug not for use for the everyday practice. For ocular lesions cytotoxic drugs or c,yclosporine A with medium dose steroids (0.5 mg prednisolone/kg/body weight) is the only effective treatment. The best choice for cytotoxic drugs is pulse cyclophosphamide or weekly low dose methotrexate, although other cytotoxic drugs such as azathioprine and chlorambucil may be used. Cyclosporine A is better left for intractable cases. In systemic and life threatening vasculitis medium to high ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Proposed ocular Behcet therapeutic scoring and activity/chronicity ratio.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/103?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 22:30:18 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
The aim of this study is to propose a scoring system to determine the activity of the eyes, and to evaluate our medications in the treatment of ocular inflammation and vasculitis in Behect's disease (BD).
Eleven activity and 5 chronicity (constant) parameters are scored from zero to 4 to consider the condition of each eye in Oculo-Behcet's disease. Both parameters are considered in our therapeutic scoring.
The activity variables are: Episcleritis and/or scleritis, anterior uveitis,, hyalitis, intermediate uveitis, central periphlebitis and/or thrombosis, central periarteritis, peripheral vasculitis, retinitis, neovascularization, macular edema and optic neuritis. The chronicity parameters are: Central arterial necrosis (or one of the main branches), central retinal vein necrosis, peripheral vascular necrosis, macular scar and optic atrophy. Complications that are surgically repairable (such as cataract, glaucoma, retinal detachment) are not considered in our scoring.
The activity/chronicity ratio determines the state of the eyes. Both variables and constants are considered in our therapeutic ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Cyclosporine in severe Ocular Lesions of Behcet’s Disease.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/102?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 22:29:37 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Introduction: There are several reports of good effects of Cyclosporine A (CsA) in the treatment of Behcet's disease (BD). We studied the long term effect of CsA in prospective open clinical trial on posterior uveitis (PU) and retinal vasculitis (RV) of BD.
Materials & Methods: Twenty three patients with PU and/or RV diagnosed as BD (according to the Iran and to the Japan criteria) were selected. Initially CsA 5 mg/Kg/day orally in addition to Prednisolone 0.5	mg/Kg/day was administered. A disease activity index (DAI) based on the inflammatory state of each section of each eye, visual acuity (VA) and a total adjusted DAI for each patient was calculated. The comparison of these data before and after the treatment was made by the student paired t test.
Results: Nineteen patients completed the study with a mean follow up time of 25.1 months. PU improved in 85% of the eyes; the mean DAI decreased from ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Cyclosporine in the treatment of severe ocular lesions of Behcet’s disease.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/101?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 22:29:12 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Introduction:  there are several reports of good effects of Cyclosporine A (Cs A) in the treatment of Behcet's disease (BD). We studied the long term effect, of A Cs A in a prospective open clinical trial on posterior uveitis (PU) and retinal vasculitis (RV) of BD.
Materials & Methods: Twenty three patients with PU and / or RV diagnose as BD (according to the Iran and to the Japan criteria) were selected: Initially Cs. A.  5 mg / Kg / day orally in addition to Prednisolone 0.5 mg/ Kg/day was administered. A disease activity index (DAI) based on the intlammatory state of each section of each eye, visual acuity (VA) and a total adjusted DAI for each patient was calculated. The comparison of these data before and after the treatment was made by the studentpared t test .
Results:  Nineteen patients completed the study with a mean follow ur ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
The Accuracy of IBDDAM in the Treatment Evaluation of Behcet’s Disease.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/100?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 22:28:45 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Introduction: Behcet's disease (BD) is characterized by recurrent attacks followed by remissions, making difficult the assessment of a given treatment. The aim of this study was to compare the Iran Behcet's Disease Dynamic Activity Measure (IBDDAM) with the physician's global assessment (PGA) in evaluating the treatment result.
Materials & Methods: Ninety-six patients with BD were followed prospectively, regardless of their treatment modality. The range of follow up was 3 to 62 months with a mean of 14.3 + 15.3 months. The change in the IBDDAM was compared with the PGA. 
Results: The PGA showed no change in the disease activity in 62 patients during the study. In this group the IBDDAM of 49 patients (79%) remained unchanged; it increased in 7 (11%) and decreased in 6 (10%) of them. According to their disease activity two subgroups were characterized: 1- Twenty-four had an active disease; lBDDAM did not change in 16 (67%), ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Iran’s Aspect of Behcet’s Disease in Children, the 1996 Survey.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/99?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 22:28:01 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Introduction: There is considerable controversy in the characteristics of Behect's disease (BD) in children. The aim of this study is to show Iran's view m juvenile BD.
Materials & Methods: Different manifestations of the disease were determined in the BD patients under the age of 16. They were compared with the adult patients by chi square test.
Results: We had 102 children with BD. The male/female ratio was 1.04. Oral aphthosis (64%) and uveitis (28%) were the most common presenting symptoms. The prevalence of clinical signs were: Mucosal lesions 85% (oral aphthosis 83%, genital aphthosts 30%); skin lesions 58% (pseudofolliculitis 52%. erythema nodosum 7%); ocular lesions 72%. (ant. uveitis 57%, post. uveitis 63%, retinal vasculitis 39%); articular manifestations 28%; neurologic manifestations 4%;vascular involvement 2% (deep vein thrombosis 1%, superficial phlebitis 1%); gastrointestinal manifestations 5%; orchi-epididymitis in 8% of boys. There was no ankylosing spondylitts (AS) or cardiopulmonary involvement. In paraclinical tests: Pathergy ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Effects of Suppressive Therapy with Levothyroxine on Bone Density.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/98?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 22:27:27 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Increased thyroid hormones level is associated with diminished bone density. It has been clarified that thyroid hormones by sirculating bone resorption lead to decrease in bone density. Thyroid hormone in many cases as in Non - Toxic Grotre & in supplement therapy in hypothyroidism is used as a drug & it is possible that suppressive therapy with T4 causes subclinical - hyperthyroidism. Studies done in west has shown different results regarding the effect of this therapy on bone density. Since thyroid diseases are very common in our country & suppressive therapy for thyroid disturbance in used frequently, in this study effect of suppressive therapy with thyroid hormones on bone density is studied in an area endemic in thyroid diseases.
In this study 30 ladies who had been treated with thyroid hormones for Non-toxic Goiter for at least one year were studied. All patients had TSH below normal level & for 10 ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Outcome measurement of ocular lesions in Behcet’s disease.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/97?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 22:26:54 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
The outcome of ocular manifestations of Behcet’s Disease remains uncertain and unpredictable despite cytotxic drugs. One of our recent studies, presented to the 1995 Korean Rheumatology Annual Meeting, showed that one third of patients were None Responders, regardless of what treatment used. This study was designed to search for factors predicting the final outcome at the beginning of the treatment. Patients having more than one year of treatment were selected for the study. A Total Adjusted Disease Activity Index (TADAI) was calculated upon the Visual Acuity (VA) and the inflammatory state of the uvea and the retina. A good outcome was defined as VA not inferior to 4 Snellen and TADAI improved by 20%. The comparison of good and bad outcome was preformed by the Classification and Regression Tree method on 71 parameters.
From 655 eyes, 353 had a bad and 182 eyes had a good outcome. The predictor for a ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Overview Of Pathogenesis &amp; Management Of Behcet’s Disease.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/96?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 22:26:21 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic Background: Behcet’s Disease (BD) is known t0 be associated with the HLA-B5 gene. The association is with the B51subtype, the B*5101allele. The tryptophan amino acid in position 167 and histidine in position 171 seems to determine the susceptibility of B51 for BD. However all persons with B51 do not have BD and all BD patients do not have B51. Some particularity in the TNFβ gene region in BD patients may suggest another susceptibility gene around the TNT region having a desequilibrium linkage with B51. 
ANTIGEN: Microbial agents and herpes simplex virus (HSV) were found to be involved in BD. There are some evidences that streptococcal strains, mainly the S. Sanguis and the S. Pyogenes, are involved in the pathogenesis of Behcet's Diseases. Streptococcus Sanguis related antigens (RRE KTH-1 antigens) can act as superantigen on T cells to produce more IL-6. The 65 kilo Dalton (65-kDa) heat shock protein (HSP) ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
IN TIME VARIATION OF PATHERGY PHENOMENON IN BEHCET&#039;S DISEASE.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/95?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 22:25:50 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
The pathergy phenomenon (PP) is one of the hallmarks of Behcet's Disease (BD). It has been reported to be positive from 17.5%  to 83% of cases in different studies. PP is used as a diagnosis criterion in the Dilsen criteria, the Japan criteria, the International criteria, and the Iran criteria. It is therefore important to know wether PP is a fix manifestation of the disease or a cyclic manifestation like mucocutaneous disorders. To evaluate the charateristic of PP over a period of time, 77 patients were selected randomly (regaardless of their disease activity or their disease manifestations). to have a second pathergy test. The pathergy test was performed by needle puncture on the skin of the forearm. Three methods were used: 1- needle prick with a 21 - gauge needle. 2- needle prick with a 25 - gauge needle. 3- needle prick with a 25-guage needle and the injection ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Longitudinal study of the Pathergy phenomenon in Behcet’s Disease (BD).</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/94?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 22:24:55 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
INTRODUCTION: The pathergy phenomenon (PP) is one of the hallmarks of Behcet's Disease (BD). It has been reported to be positive from 17.5% to 83% of cases in different studies. PP is used as a diagnosis criterion in the Dilsen criteria, the Japan criteria, the International criteria, and the Iran criteria. It is therefore important to know whether PP is a fix manifestation of the disease or a cyclic manifestation like mucocutaneous disorders.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: To evaluate the characteristic of PP over a period of time, 77 patients were selected randomly (regardless of their disease activity or their disease manifestations), to have a second pathergy test. The pathergy test was performed by needle puncture on the skin of the forearm. 3 methods were used: 1- Needle prick with a 21 gauge needle. 2- Needle prick with a 25 gauge needle. 3- Needle prick with a 25 gauge needle and the ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Prolactin Level in Behcet’s Disease.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/93?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 22:24:19 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Introduction: Prolactin (PRL) is an immune stimulating hormone and may be important in the pathogenesis of some autoimmune diseases, such as SLE. This study was designed to detect the PRL level in patients with Behcet's disease (BD), and its relation to the different manifestations of the disease.
Materials & Methods: Thirty-seven new male patients with BD and 29 age matched control normal individuals (CON) was selected as every consecutive patient. The diagnosis was based on the presence or not of the Iran criteria. There were no history of medication or disease affecting the PRL level. Serum PRL was measured by RIA with Amerlex-M kit. The mean level of PRL in each group and subgroups (according to the clinical and paraclinical symptoms) was determined and compared by the student paired t test.
Results: The mean PRL level in BD was higher than CON (213+126 Vs 97+53 with a p5 years). The increased level ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Proposed ocular Behcet therapeutic scoring &amp; activity/chronicity ratio.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/92?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 22:23:30 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Behcet’s Unite, Shariati Hospital the aim to propose a scoring system for the treatment of the ocular inflammation one vasculitis by our medications and to evaluate the state of the activity of the eye.
Eleven activity and five chronicity (constant) parameters are scored from zero to four to consider the condition of each eye.
The activity variables are: episcleritis &/or scleritis, anterior uveitis, hyalites, IMU, central periphlebitis &/or thrombosis, central periartertis, peripheral vasculitis, retinitis, neovascularization, macular edema, optic neuritis.
The chronicity paramenters are: central retinal vein necrosis, peripheral vascular necrosis, macular scar, optic atrophy complications such as cataract, glaucoma, retinal detachment, which are surgically reparable are not considered. The maximum scoring for the activity parameters of both eyes is 88, and for chronicity is 40. The ratio of activity/chronicity determines the state of the eye. Both variables and constants are considered in our therapeutic scoring, but the constants replace variables (macular scare).
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Treatment of Ophthalmologic Manifestations Of Behcet’s Disease Comparison Of 6 Methods.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/91?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 22:23:08 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Introduction: Opthalmologic manifestations are the major cause of morbidity in Behcet’s Disease. If not treated, they usually progress toward sever loss of vision or blindness. Cytotoxic drugs are the main therapeutic agents.
Materials & Methods: In an open, non randomized, control study, pulse cyclophosphamide (PCP), low dose pulse cyclophosphamide (LDP), weakly methtrexate (MTX), chlorambucil (CHL), oral cyclophosphamide (OCP), and cyclosporine A (CYA) were used in a standard protocol for 778 patients. Criteia for inclusion were: 1- Fulfilling the Iran criteria. 2- Having posterior uveitis (PU)and/or retinal vasculitis (RV). 3- To have an inflammatory lesion of the eye. For each section of each eye (anteroior chamber, uvea, retina) a Disease Activity Index (DAI) was calculated. The visual acuity (VA) was calculated for each eye. A Total Adjusted DAI (TADAI) was calculated for each patient upon the DAI and the VA. PCP group: Patients: 308, mean follow-up (MFU): 21.4 months, TADAI 40.5. LDP ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Treatment of Ocular Lesions in Behcet’s Disease  (Outcome Analysis of Six Different Therapeutic Methods).</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/90?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 22:22:22 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Introduction: Ocular lesions are the major cause of morbidity in Behcet’s Disease. If not treated they usually progress toward severe loss of vision or blindness. Cytotoxic drugs are the main therapeutic arsenal used for this condition.
Materials & Methods: In an open, non randomized control study, pulse Cyclophosphamide (PCP), low dose pulse cyclophosphamide (LDP), oral cyclophosphamide (OCP), weakly methotrexate (MTX), chlorambucil (CHL), and cyclosporine A (CYA) were used in a standard protocol for 856 patients. Inclusion Criteria were: 1- fulfilling the Iran criteria. 2- Having posterior uveitis (PU) and/or retinal vasculitis (RV). 3- Having an active inflammatory lesion of the eye. Total Inflammatory Activity Index (TIAI) was calculated for each patient on the inflammatory state of the anterior chamber, the uvea, and the retina. The threshold level for improvement of aggravation was set to 20% change of the entry data. PCP group: Patients: 328, mean follow-up (MFU): 20.4 months, TIAI 16.8 ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
THE PREVALENCE OF CONVULSION, IT&#039;S RELATION TO ANTI-DNA ANTIBODIES LEVELS AND MORTALITY OF PATIENTS WITH SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHMATOSUS (SLE).</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/89?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 22:19:56 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuropsychiatric manifestations of SLE are frequent and usually serious, convulsion is one of the most important and hazardous symptoms of CNS-LUPUS. Because there are many differences in clinical manifestations frequency and severity of organ systems involvement, and cause of death in patients with SLE (in Iran and other countries) an analytic retrospective case-control study was carried out to evaluate the frequency of convulsion in relation with age and sex distribution, the effect of convulsion on patients mortality and prognosis and it's relation with increased levels of Anti-DNA antibodies. With reference to 1001 recoded cases with SLE in Lupus Unit. Rheumatology Research center, Dr, Shariat Hospital Tehran University of Medical science a 393 cases woe included and divide in two groups, convulsive and non convulsive, The frequency of convulsion was 13.3% Male/Female ratio was 1/8.3, with no significant difference between two groups of patients (P>0.05), The most common ago for onset ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
ANTI-NEUTROPHIL CYTOPLASMIC AUTOANTIBCIDY IN S.L.E.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/88?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 22:19:11 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Anti-neutrophil cytoplasrnic autoantibodies (ANCA) were first described in patients with necrotizing glomerulonephritis. The original observation passed virtually unnoticed until an association was found between ANCA and active Wegener's granulomatosis. Since then, tremendous progress has been made in elucidating the association between ANCA subtypes and clinicopathologic syndromes, and in considering potential pathogenic role of ANCA in vascular inflammation. The gold standard method for ANCA detection rests with indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) microscopy. Two general patterns of ANCA are observed: cytoplasmic pattern (C-ANCA) and perinuclear pattern (P-ANCA): ANCA was studied in 34 SLE patients and 51 normal controls. Our results showed that normal sera are ANCA-­negative, but at least 50% of patients' sera are ANCA-positive (majority, C-ANCA). Statistical analysis revealed no correlation between presence of ANCA and disease state.
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
PREVALENCE AND CLINICAL ASSOCIATION OF ANTICARDIOLIPIN ANTIBODIES IN SYSTEMIC LUPUS AND NON LUPUS DISEASE.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/87?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 22:18:27 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Anti-cardiolipin antibodies (ACA) occur in patients with SLE, lupus-like illness and with some other illnesses, such as malignancy, syphilis and among healthy elderly. We found that the prevalence of IgG and IgM ACA isotopes in 147 Iranian SLE patients was 49.7% for IgG and 5.6% for IgM. In addition, some SLE and non-SLE patients from other centers were studied: the prevalence of ACA-IgG in SLE patients from Mashad was 54%; among patients of another center in Tehran, it was 26% and 22%, in MCTDs, it was 16%, in pre­eclampsia, 54%, in neurologic patients with positive-FTA, 60%, in post-M1 patients, it was only 5%. In 147 SLE patients followed at Tehran University of Med. Sci., a statistically significant association exists between ACA and history of thrombotic event (P=0.0002), cardiac disorder (P=0.0021), recurrent abortion (P=0.0045), thrombocytopenia (P=0.0001), VDRL (P=0.0001), CRP (P=0.001), abnormal PTT (P=0.01), neuropsychiatric disorders (P=0.25) and very high ESR. According ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Behcet’s Disease. Analysis of 2806 cases.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/86?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 22:17:57 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
There are only two nationwide surveys of Behcet's Disease (BD) in the world, one from Japan and one from Iran. The comparison of the two surveys is interesting because the populations are racially different, although they share same genetic background via the invasion of Iran by Turk tribes (from the northem part of China) in the 10 th and 13 th century.
The annual incidence of BD in Iran is 350 new patients for a population of 60 millions, which may correspond to a prevalence of 1 BD for 6000 inhabitants.The male/female ratio is 1.16. The mean age at the onset of the disease is 26.2 + 9.7 (Cl at 95% = 0.4).
The incidence of clinical symptoms were as follow: Mucous membrane manifestations: 95.8% + 0.7 (oral aphthosis: 95.5%, genital aphthosis: 64%). Skin manifestations: 74% + 1.6          (pseudofolliculitis: 67%, erythema nodosum: 23%, ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
PERIPHERAL BLOOD NEUTROPHIL CELLS PHAGOCYTOSIS AND SERUM OPSONIC CAPACITY OF PATIENTS WITH SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHMATOSUS</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/85?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 22:17:18 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
In this research we have studied the peripheral blood neutrophils phagocytosis and serum opsonic capacity by luminal excited chemiluminescence method. in 73 cases, who, evaluated in this research, none of them received any therapeutic drugs. All of cases, consists of 34	normal subject (female=l9, male=l5) and 18 patient control (included RA= 5, JRA=1, Polymyositis = 1, Behcet disease = 2, AS =3, Vascuiitis = 3 and scleroderma = 3) and 21 patients with SLE, which divided into two subgroups (mild = 13, Moderate = 4).	
Results: We faun that PMN - Chemiluminescence and serum opsonic capacity in patients suffering SLE decreased and show a significant differences with patient controls and normal controls (P
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Bone mass density (BMD) in normal Iranian population.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/84?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 22:16:22 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Introduction: BMD varies in different countries due to different genetic and environmental factors, It is necessary to determine BMD in normal population of Iran. This study was designed by the Rheumatology Research Center to fulfill this task. It was achieved by a grant from the Deputy Ministry for Research, the Ministry of Health, Treatment and Medical Education.
Materials and methods: 280 normal Iranians were selected randomly from staffs of Shariati Hospital by age decades, (age 10 to 84), 20 for each decade (140 men & 140 women). Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) for lumbar spine (L1, L2, L3, L4, L1-L4) and femoral neck (Neck, Trochanter, Intertrochanter, Total, Ward) was done for all of them. A computerized curve for each site in both men and women were drawn. Then they were compared with the international normal standards.
Results: The BMD of both lumbar spine and femoral neck in Iranians were lower compared to ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Study of Bone Mineral Density (BMD) in 1335 patients with non inflammatory diseases.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/83?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 22:15:57 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
In order to study a possible relation between mechanical bone pains and the BMD, 1335 patients were analyzed as every consecutive patient. The BMD was measured in a cohort study on 5927 patients referred for various reasons to the Rheumatology Research Center, Osteoporosis Unit. The BMD was measured by Dual Energy X-rays Absorptiometry (DEXA) on the lumbar spine (L1-L4) and the femoral neck. Patients having an inflammatory disease such as rheumatoid arthritis or an endocrine disease such as hyperthyroidism or diabetes mellitus and patients taking drugs with known effect on bone mass were discarded. A total of 1335 patients fulfilled the selection criteria. Their BMD was compared with normal range of Iranians (age and sex matched) by Chi square test and the mean difference was calculated.
In the lumbar spine a decrease of 4.3% (SD=2.5, CI=0.07) was demonstrated totally in the cohort study, while it was only 1.7% (SD=2.5, CI=0.13) in ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Effects of the age of Menopause on Bone Mineral Density (BMD) in 716 Iranian Women.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/82?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 22:14:58 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Menopause is one of the most important accelerating factors of bone loss in women. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of the age of menopause on BMD in Iranian women. The women referred for Bone Densitometry who were menopaused and did not have hysterectomy before their menopause were selected as every consecutive patient. Those who had any other risk factor for osteoporosis were excluded. The patients were divided into four groups according to their age of menopause, and BMD was measured by Dual Energy X-rays Absorptiometry (DEXA) on the lumbar spine (L1-L4) and the upper extremity of the femur. The mean BMD of both regions for each group was calculated and compared with the mean BMD of a group of normal Iranian women with Chi square test and the mean difference was determined. The results were as follows:

           ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
CD5-POSITIVE B CELLS In Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/81?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 22:14:26 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
The concept that rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease is supported by variety of autoantibodies in patient's serum. The most important of these are rheumatoid factors (RFs), antibodies that react with the patient's own Ig. It has been suggested that IgM-RF plays a role in disease pathogenesis. The main source of IgM-RF are B cells that express the pan T-cell marker, CDS: We conducted this study to test the hypothesis that expanded populations of CDS+ B-cells in RA are associated with exacerbation. The RA group consisted of 41 individuals. 20 healthy blood donors were included as normal controls. 17 patients with other collagenous diseases were our patient-control. Cyto-fluorimetric analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells was used. The mean % of CD5+ B-cells was significantly greater in patients with RA (without drug) than in healthy controls. The !eve of circulating CD5+B-lymphocytes in RA patients (with drug) was intermediate between that ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Natrium Fluoride for the Treatment of Osteoporosis in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/80?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 22:13:50 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
In Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) osteoporosis is secondary. Its cause and its treatment are still controversial. All agents used in post menopausal osteoporosis have been tried for RA osteoporosis. Our work is a prospective open study to demonstrate the efficacy of low dose NF (20 mg daily) in these patients.
Sixty two patients with RA and osteoporosis (t score less than 2.5 standard deviation, as defined by WHO) entered the study. BMD was measured by Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) on L1-L4 (lumbar spine) and the femoral neck, before and after one year of treatment. NF was given in a slow release formula (20 mg tablet) once a day with meal. Calcium carbonate (1500 mg calcium element daily) was given as 500 mg tablets with 400 I.U. vitamin D3. Both NF tablets and Calcium D were formulated and manufactured by Darou Pakhsh Pharmaceutical Research Center. Serum calcium, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase was ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Treatment of Osteoporosis by Natrium Fluoride.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/79?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 22:13:16 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Natrium Fluoride (NF) is one of the best treatments of osteoporosis because it is cheap, it has no major side effects, and it is effective (Heany et al., Farley et al., Dure-Smith et al., Kanis et al., and Pak et al.). Our work is a prospective open study to demonstrate the efficacy of low dose NF (20 mg daily) in post menopausal osteoporosis.
Fifty six patients with osteoporosis (t score less than 2.5 standard deviation, as defined by WHO) were selected as consecutive patients. The criteria for selection were: 1- No inflammatory disease such as rheumatoid arthritis. 2- No steroid or other medications known to decrease the BMD. 3- Patients not taking Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) for a valid reason. 4- Some patients having HRT, Received NF in addition to their HRT because of their very low t score (inferior to 60%). BMD was measured by Dual Energy X-R,y Absorptiometry (DEXA) ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Evaluation and Risk Factors in the Ocular Behcet’s Disease.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/78?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 22:12:30 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Porpose: To determine the risk factors in the prognosis and the visual outcome of the disease.
Methods: This is a retrospective study of 361 patients, having Behcet’s disease and treated by immunosuppressives and steroids, followed-up at Shariatti Hospital (mean duration of follow-up was 2.27 years). The ocular examinations at the first and last visit are recorded and compared.
Results:
Vision                                               First visit % of eyes                                 Last visit % of eyes
NLP      ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Treatment of ophthalmological lesions of Behcet&#039;s disease.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/77?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 22:08:58 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Ophthalmologic lesions, specially posterior uveitis (PU) and retinal vasculitis (RV), are the leading cause of morbidity in BD. Despite many problems encountered in their treatment, it is accepted today that cytotoxic drugs are the preferred choice. Cyclosporin (CYC) is another effective drug and Corticosteroids only have a temporary effect on inflammatory state. Other conventional drugs (like Colchicine, levamisole and etc.) has no place in the treatment of these lesions.
We present here our experience with 6 methods of treatment in these lesions: Cyclophosphamide as IV bolus 1-With conventional dose (PCP) in 297 patients, 2- With low dose (LDP) in 77, and 3- Orally (OCP) in 39, 4-Methotrexate (MTX) in 201, 5- Chlorambucil (LEU) in 73 and 6- CYC in 19 patients. Improvement or stabilization of the lesions was accepted as good results. Then these results for the visual acuity (VA) and for each section of the eyes was compared by Chi ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Treatment of joint manifestations of Behcet&#039;s disease.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/76?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 22:08:21 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Articular involvement was present in 43% (CI-1.9) of patients with BD in Iran. Inflammatory arthralgia with morning stiffness was seen in 22% (CI = 1.6); Oligoarthritis, the most characteristic form mainly involving the large joints, was present in 20% (CI = 1.1); and monoarthritis mainly in the knee joints in 11 % (CI = 1.5). All these manifestations are usually transient with a tendency to relapse, but not as often as mucocutaneous lesions. Rarely they have chronic and progressive course and erosions will develop.
Treatment with analygesics or NSAIDs or steroids (as local infiltrations or short term systemic) may be used to relieve pain. In the majority of cases, immunomodulatory drugs such as Colchicine (1 to 2 mg/d), Sulphasalazine (2 to 3 g/d) or levamisole (150 mg/d, 1 to 3 days/week) will suffice to prevent the further attacks or reduce their frequencies. In the rare resistant forms Methotrexate (7.5 mg weekly) ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Neck, Back Pain: Clinical evaluation of treatment modalities.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/75?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 22:07:43 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
From the most ancient time, mechanical disorders of the spine were one of the major concerns of
mankind. Perhaps no other disease has initiated so many different treatments, during the history of Medicine. All these methods are said to be efficient, if not the most efficient, by their promoter. It is interesting to note that each of these methods acts upon a different mechanism. It is therefore Understandable if one asks himself how is it possible to cure one disease with such a variety of treatments. The explanation may be: The disease is self limiting and self repairing, none of the treatments are curative, perhaps some of them will accelerate the self reparation.
Thousands and thousands of articles have been published on the treatment of low back pain and cervical pain. One of the most important study in this field is the Report of the Quebec Task Farce on Spinal Disorders in ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA): Management problems - Intractable disease.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/74?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 22:07:02 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
It is difficult to define what exactly is intractable RA. Intractable RA may be defined as a patient. resistant to standard treatment. The difficult point is how to define the standard treatment. Shall we say intractable disease to a patient resistant to single DMARD and an NSAID? Or shall we say intractabIe disease to a patient resistant to a combination of DMARD with low dose steroid and associated NSAID who had undergone necessary chemical or surgical synovectomy? If the second definition is adopted there is not much left to do. Fortunately this is not a very common condition. There is no consensus on what to do far these patients and the proposed methods are more empirical or experimental than scientifically proven methods:
PULSE METHYL PREDNISOLONE: One gram methyl prednisolone is diluted in 200 milliliters of normal glucose and instillate in half an hour. The treatment is repeated 3 consecutive days. The ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Diagnosis Criteria and disease activity index in Behcet’s diseas (BD).</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/73?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 22:06:15 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
From 1969 to 1993 six major sets of diagnosis criteria were proposed for BD. The analysis of sensitivity, specificity and the accuracy was done on 2632 BD patients and 1916 control patients. A Confidence Interval (CI) at 95% was calculated for each result. Sensitivity: Mason & Barnes 70.9% ± 1.7, O'Duffy 77% ± 1.6, International 84.5% ± 1.4, Dilsen 89.4% + 1.2, Japan 90.8% ± 1.1, Iran 95.6 ± 0.8 (traditional format) and 97.1 ± 0.6 (classification tree). Specificity: Dilsen 90.2% ± 1.3, Iran 95% ± 1 (traditional format) and 95.9% ± 0.9 (classification tree), Japan 96.6% ± 0.8, International 97.9% ± 0.6, O'Duffy 97.9% ± 0.6, and the Mason & Barnes criteria 99.5% ± 0.3. Accuracy: Mason & Barnes 83% ± 1.1, O'Duffy 85.8% ± 1, Dilsen 89.7% ± 0.9, International 90.1%.± 0.9, Japan 93.3% ± 0.7, and for Iran criteria 95.4 ± 0.6 (traditional format) and 96.6 ± ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Rheumatoid Arthritis: Management problems - Anticoagulation.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/72?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 06 Feb 2013 22:04:49 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Rheumatoid arthritis is a common disease occurring in 1% of the population. Therefore it is not unusual to see a rheumatoid arthritis patient who needs anticoagulation therapy for another reason than her or his RA. Anticoagulation therapy has no contra-indication for RA itself. However many drugs used in RA may interfere with anticoagulant drugs. The major problem arises from NSAIDs, particularly salicylate. These drugs have a synergistic effect on coumadin and related drugs. Two situations will occur in these patients: 1- The patient is taking NSAID and an anticoagulant must be given: This is the easiest event to manage. It will suffice to start with a lower dosage than in a normal situation. Depending on the reaction of the patient the dose will be adjusted. When the required dose of coumadin is found It is important to warn the patient not to change the dose of NSAID as this will ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Long-Term Follow up of Type IV SLE Nephritis (without renal failure) Treated by Pulse Cyclophosphamide.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/71?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Sun, 03 Feb 2013 21:17:52 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Results of PCP are well known in lupus nephritis. We present here it’s outcome in patients with WHO type IV lupus nephritis, treated before the occurrence of renal failure. Patients having a follow up of more than 36 months were selected for this study. 29 patients fulfilled the selection criteria. Proteinuria, hematuria, leucocyturia, cast, BUN, creatinine and blood pressure were measured before PCP and after each one. The first and the last measurements were compared to each other by the Student Paired t test. Cyclophosphamide was given as 1000 mg per m2 of body surface. Prednisolone was administered, per os, as 0.5 mg/kg/daily. PCP was repeated once per month. Upon the achievement of a satisfactory improvement PCP was delayed to 2 and then to 3 months. Prednosolone was tapered gradually.
Results: The mean follow up time was 53 months. The mean PCP per patient was 10. The 24 h. proteoinuria became ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (SLE) IN CHILDREN, ANALYSIS OF 220 IRANIAN CASES.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/70?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Sun, 03 Feb 2013 21:17:13 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus is not rare in Iran. We have seen 220 cases in children in a population of 893 SLE in the past 16 years. In this study we show the features of SLE in children. The female to male ratio was 86/14. Fever was present in 72% of the patients, weight loss in 40%, malar rash in 72.5%, photosensitivity in 54%, mucosal lesion in 48%, discoid rash in 13%, transient polyarthritis (less than 6 week) in 19%, proteinuria (>500 mg/24 hours) in 46%, and cylindruria in 34% of the patients. Kidney biopsy was performed in 43% of them. The light microscopy revealed: 71% WHO class IV and 22% class III glomerulonephritis: Pericarditis and pleurisy was seen in 26.5%, splenomegalia in 23%, Ieukopenia in 25%, lymphopenia in 37%, thrombocytopenia in 18%, hemolytic anemia in 5.9%, ESR > 50 mm Hg in the 1st hour in 73%, positive VDRL in ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
SALMONELLA INFECTION IN SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMAT0SUS.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/69?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Sun, 03 Feb 2013 21:16:32 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a known underlying disease predisposing to salmonellosis. We report here 39 cases of salmonellosis in 30 patients in a population of 897 patients with SLE, during a 17 years period. All were women with a mean age of 25.7 years. Eighty percent were taking prednisolone and 26% cytotoxics at the onset of the infection. Renal involvement was present in 77% (type IV WHO in 65% of them), the same as other SLE patients. Clinical manifestations were as follow: Fever and chills 82%, diarrhea 26%, abdominal pain 20%, septic arthritis 28%, osteomyelitis 8%, pulmonary signs 8% and urinary symptoms 3%. Diagnosis was based upon the isolation of the microorganism in 87% of cases, mostly from blood culture (59%). Salmonella species other than typhi and paratyphi were often responsible. Widal agglutination test was positive in less than half the cases. Recurrence of infection in 27% of the ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Relationship of pathergy phenomenon and Behcet&#039;s disease (BD) manifestations.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/68?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Sun, 03 Feb 2013 21:15:24 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
In a study on 391 cases of BD presented to the EULAR Congress in 1987 we demonstrated that the following symp­toms were seen more frequently in patients with positive pathergy phenomenon: oral aphthosis as the initial manifes­tation of the disease, genital ulcerations, pseudofolliculitis, and arthralgia. The following symptoms, on the contrary were seen less frequently: oral aphthosis, ankylosing spon­dylitis.
It was interesting to look after those findings, 6 years later, in a much more larger group of patients. For this purpose ?? patients were analyzed. We found the same results except for pseudofolliculitis.
As the pathergy phenomenon seems to have the same char­acteristic of other manifestations of BD (waxing and waning) it was interesting to look at the manifestations of BD when the pathergy phenomenon was positive. For this study we analyzed 245 patients. Symptoms present at the day of pathergy test were compared in patients with positive and negative reaction by ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Prospective study on Neuro-Behcet.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/67?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Sun, 03 Feb 2013 21:14:40 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Behcet Disease (BD) is known to involve nervous system. In order to evaluate the prevalence of neurological complications as early manifestations of BD, and to determine their value as indicators of the disease, we conducted a prospective study on 261 consecutive patients reffered to our BD clinic (100 control subjects and 161 BD patients), including a Questionaire about neurological symptoms, complete physical (neruological) examination, and paraclinicalstudies, No definite (significant) difference was noted between two groups, except higher prevalence of dizziness ( of an orthostatic nature), generalized hyperreflexia, and mild difficulty with tandem walking in BD patients; But these had no clear clinical correlation.
It was concluded that BD is rarely presented by neurological manifestatione, and diagnosis of BD is not justified in a neurological patient without other diagnostic criteria of BD.
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Low dose pulse cyclophosphamide (LDP) in ophthalmological lesions of Behget&#039;s disease.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/66?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Sun, 03 Feb 2013 21:13:55 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Pulse cyclophosphamide (PCP) is the most effective and the least toxic treatment in posterior uveitis (pU) and/or re­tinal vasculitis (RV) of Behcet's disease (BD). Conventional doses (1 g/m2) may be associated with minor side effects such as hair loss, nausea and vomiting. To find whether lower doses, such as those already employed in Lupus nephritis should be useful, we administered IVLDP (0.5 g/m2/month) plus prednisolone (0.5 mg/kg/day) to 40 BD patients with PU and/or RV. A disease activity index (DAI) based on the in­flammatory state of each section of each eye was calculated. Visual acuity (VA) and DAI before and after the treatment were compared by the student paired t test. After mean pulses of 6.7 anterior uveitis improved in 77% of the eyes. The mean DAI decreased from 3 to 0.8 (t = 5.926, P < 0.000001). PU improved in 71 % of the eyes. The mean DAI decreased ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Accuracy of existing diagnosis criteria for Behcet&#039;s disease (BD).</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/65?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Sun, 03 Feb 2013 21:13:06 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
There are 5 major sets of diagnosis criteria for BD: Mason & Barnes, O'Duffy, Dilsen, Japan revised criteria, and the International criteria (the latest one). To evaluate their accu­racy we analysed their sensitivity and specificity in 2069 BD and 1519 control patients. The accuracy was calculated by the sum of BD patients fulfilling the criteria and the control patients correctly classified as non BD, divided by the sum of the total BD and control patients. A Confidence Interval (CI) at 95% was calculated for each accuracy to allow their comparison.
The sensitivity of the 5 criteria was: Mason & Barnes 74.2%, O'Duffy 80.3%, Diasen 91.7%, Japan 93.2%, and the International 86.2%. The specificity was: Mason & Barnes 99,4%; O'Duffy 97.6%, Dilsen 89.3%, Japan 96.4%, and the international 97.5%. The highest sensitivity was for the Japan revised criteria, and the highest specificity for Mason & Barnes. The analysis of the 2 most ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
A SURVEY OF ANTIBODIES FOR THE EXTRACTABLE NUCLEAR ANTIGENS AND THEIR ROLE IN THE CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS AND PROGNOSIS OF SLE.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/64?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Sun, 03 Feb 2013 21:12:16 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Fifty-seven patients suffering from systemic lupus erythematosus with different clinical features were studied from various aspects of immunological abnormalities, including anti-nuclear antibodies; anti-DNA; anti-Sm (Smith's antigen); and, other extractable nuclear antigens.
The tests employed were microhemagglutination, counter immuno­electerphoresis, and radio immunoassay (RIA).
The comparison between the two techniques for detectiong anti-DNA titers showed a significant correlation between them.
There was also a significant positive correlation between the presence of anti-DNA and lupus nephritis (P>0.05). However, lupus nephritis has a negative association with anti-Sm.
We will discuss anti-Sm in SLE patients that may have an inhibitory effect on -developing the lupus nephritis. The association of anti-Sm in SLE may help the physicians to prognose the disease and manipulate the treatment.
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Comparing 3 methods of cytotoxic therapy in ophthalmologic lesions of Behcet&#039;s disease.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/63?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Sun, 03 Feb 2013 21:10:38 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
It is accepted today that cytotoxic drugs are the only re­mittent agents in posterior uveitis (PU) and retinal vasculitis (RV) of Behcet's disease (BD). The important question is which cytotoxic is the most effective and the least harmful. We compare here the results of 3 efficient methods of cyto­toxic therapy with the same mean follow-up time of 12 months: I.V. Pulse Cyclophosphamide (PCP) in 121 patients, weekly low dose Methotrexate (MTX) in 95 patients and Cy­closporine A (CYA) in 16 patients. All the patients received prednisolone 0.5 mg/kg/d. Improvement or stabilization of he lesions for each section of the eyes or visual acuity (VA) were accepted as a good result. In anterior uveitis the good result was 77% (CI = 6.8) with PCP, 74% (CI = 8.2) with MTX and 88% (CI = 15.4) with CYA. For PU the good result was 82% (CI = 5.6) with PCP, 87% (CI ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Classification tree for the diagnosis of Behcet&#039;s disease (BD).</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/62?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Sun, 03 Feb 2013 21:08:53 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
The diagnosis method by Classification And Regression Tree (CART) is gaining more importance every year, spe­cially in Rheumatology by the efforts of the American Col­lege of Rheumatology. The classification tree not only pro­vides an accurate tool for diagnosis, it gives a better insight of the manifestations of the disease and the value of different criteria for the diagnosis. In this study we analyzed 1992 Behcet's patients (BP) and 1506 control patients (CP). Pa­tients and controls were each divided into 2 groups. One group was the learning sample and the other was the cross validation sample. The classification tree was constructed using the learning sample. Results were validated by testing them on the cross validation sample. Four trees were con­structed, they all gave the same results (less than 0.5% dif­ference in accuracy). The simplest one was chosen to be presented here. The sensitivity is 97.3%, the specificity is 94.2%, and the ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
OPHTHALMOLOGIC SIDE EFFECTS OF CHLOROQUINE, ANALYSIS IN 1598 PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATlC DISEASES.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/61?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Sun, 03 Feb 2013 21:07:35 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Antimalarials are among the most important disease modifying drugs used in Rheumatology. The major problem with them is their effects on eyes. We have done a retrospective study on 1598 patients with RA and SLE using Chloroquine for 1 month to 16 years (Mean 41 months). Eye problems was detected in 330 patients (20.6%). We found corneal deposition in 205 (13%) that was graded as severe (11%), moderate (12%) and mild (77%). All were reversible with reducing drug dosage. One hundred fifty patients (9.4%) showed retinopathy (Macular edema in 85 and other retinal involvement such as depigmentation, and degeneration in 49). All were reversible at different degrees except in 3 patients, which in one led to bull's eyes and sever loss of vision. In the majority of cases we were able to continue the treatment for several months or year by the reduction of the daily dosage. Data analysis showed ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
CHILBLAIN LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS IN A MONOLYGOTE TWIN.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/60?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Sun, 03 Feb 2013 21:05:53 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
CHILBLAIN LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS IN A MONOLYGOTE TWIN.#C. Chams, M. Akbarian, P. Mansoori, F. Shahram, and F. Davatchi#Revista Espanola de Reumatologia, 1993; 20 (Suppl 1): p. 358 #Chilblain lupus erythematosus or lupus pernio was described by HUTCHINSON in 1888. Even actually it is difficult to put this entity in a well defined nosologic place as systemic lupus erythematosus.
We report here the case of a twin monozygote brothers of 11 years old, premature, who had developed soon in their life lesions of chilblain lupus erythemathosus. Skin lesion appears at autumn and disappears at spring time every year. One of the brothers had not improved since the last year and developed important cutaneous lesions on his fingers, ears, nose and on his body. The preclinical. investigations for SLE including FANA, Anti DNA, C3, C4, VDRL, Anticardiolipin antibodies, and LE cell were all negative. However the pathology of the skin lesions were suggestive for ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Behcet&#039;s disease in children.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/59?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Sun, 03 Feb 2013 21:05:09 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Behcet's disease (BD) is not rare in children, and it's clini­cal picture differs from that in adults. We studied 66 patients in whom the disease was diagnosed under the age 16 from a population of 2068 BD patients. Comparison of the results with the adults by the student paired t test showed: although the most frequent initial manifestation of BD in children was oral aphthosis (54.5%), it was less frequent than in adults (73%. P < 0.0008). Uveitis as the initial manifestation was more frequent (30% vs 12%, P = 0.00002). Mucosal and skin manifestations of the disease were seen less in childhood (oral aphthosis: 77% vs 96%, genital aphthosis: 26% vs 65%, both with P< 0.000001, skin lesions: 61% vs 78%, P
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Clinical manifestations of Behcet&#039;s disease in Iran. Analysis of 2068 cases.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/58?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Sun, 03 Feb 2013 21:04:34 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
The annual incidence of Behcet's Disease (BD) is as high as 300 patients per year. The mean age at the onset of the first symptom is 26.7 years (SD = 9.7). The sex distribution is 54% male and 46% female. The initial manifestation was mainly oral aphthosis (73%), uveitis (13%), genital ulcerations ­(11%), arthritis (9%), and skin manifestations (9%).
Clinical manifestations were as fallow: mucous mem­brane manifestations were seen in 95.5% of patients (oral aphthosis in 95%, genital ulcerations in 63%), skin manifes­tations in 78% (folliculitis in 71%, erythema nodasam in 23%, other lesions in 1%). Ophthalmologic manifestations are the major cause of morbidity in BD, it was seen in 65% of patients (anterior uveitis in 51.5%, posterior uveitis in 51%, retinal vasculitis in 34%). Joint manifestations, usually transient, were seen in 48% of patients [arthralgia in 27%, monoarthritis (mainly large joints) in 11%, oligoarthritis in 22%, ankylosing spondylitis in 1.5% ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Audio vestibular involvement in Behcet&#039;s disease (BD).</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/57?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Sun, 03 Feb 2013 21:03:57 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
There is only three reports on the frequency of audio ves­tibular involvement in BD in the literature. In these studies, done in small population of BD patients, the frequency of auditory involvement were reported as high as 60%, and the vestibular involvement between 25 to 37%. We studied pros­pectively the audio vestibular involvement in 80 patients with BD, and compared them with 102 controls (CG) includ­ing hospital staffs, patients with other rheumatologic dis­eases, oral aphthous stomatitis or uveitis due to other causes. For all patients a complete ENT clinical examination and audiometry (PT., speech and impedance) were done. The re­sults were compared by the student paired t test. The ages of the patients in both groups were in the same range. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the sex ratio and history of noise trauma or ear infection and in using ototoxic drugs. Hearing loss was ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS AND INFECTION, ANALYSIS OF 893 SLE PATIENTS IN IRAN.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/56?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Sun, 03 Feb 2013 21:02:37 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
An increased rate of infection among SLE patients has long been reported from western countries. In a retrospective study in 893 patients, we analyzed 203 cases who had one or more episodes of infection between 1974 and 1992. Among them 181 were females and 22 were males (89% female) . The diagnosis of infection was established by both clinical and laboratory findings. Almost more than half of the infections were caused by gram-negative bacteria. Thirty nine episodes of infection which occurred in 30 patients were due to Salmonella: Common sites of infections were: urinary tract 58% (almost all due to E. Coli), blood 28%, respiratory system 22.6%, soft tissues 17%, joints 7.8%, bone 2.4% and CNS 1.4%. Herpes Zoster infection was in 55 cases. In most instances, infections were non-hospital acquired. Active disease (SLE) was present in almost 2/3 of the infectious events. Almost 80% of the infectious events occurred ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
EVALUATION OF DIAGNOSTIC (`CLASSIFICATION&#039;) CRITERIA IN BEHCET&#039;S DISEASE-TOWARDS INTERNATIONALLY AGREED CRITERIA. BY THE INTERNATIONAL STUDY GROUP FOR BEHCET&#039;S DISEASE.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/55?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Sun, 03 Feb 2013 21:01:42 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
No fewer than five sets of diagnostic criteria for Behcet's disease are currently in use. The International Study Group have therefore undertaken an extensive study of existing criteria and have developed recommended new international criteria based on the collection of data from 914 patients with Behcet's disease and 308 controls, of whom 886 (97%) and 97 respectively had mouth ulceration. It is recommended that these new criteria should replace the existing criteria sets although further studies are required to evaluate their performance in new patient groups.
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
OUTCOME of PULSE CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE (PCP) in TYPE IV SLE NEPHRITIS WITHOUT RENAL FAILURE.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/54?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Sun, 03 Feb 2013 21:00:18 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Results of PCP are well known in lupus nephritis. We present here it's outcome in patients with early stage of WH0 type IV lupus nephritis. The criteria for selection was a serum creatinine inferior to 1.3 mg/ 100 ml and a minimum follow up time of	18 months. 35 patients fulfilled the selection criteria. proteinuria, hematuria, leucocyturia, cast, BUN, creatinine, and blood pressure were measured before PCP and after each one. The first and the last measurements were compared to each other by the Student paired t test. Cyclophos­phamide was given as 1000 mg per m2 of body sur­face. Prednisolone was administered, per os, as 1/2 mg/kg/daily. PCP was repeated once per month. Upon the achievement of a satisfactory improvement PCP was delayed to 2 and then to 3 months, and pred­nisolone was tapered gradually.
RESULTS: The mean follow up time was 32 months. The mean PCP per patient was 10. The ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Long-term outcome of pulse cyclophosphamide (PCP) in Behcet&#039;s disease (BD) ocular lesions.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/53?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Sun, 03 Feb 2013 20:59:41 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Since our first report in 1987 to the 11th EULAR congress of rheumatology several reports had shown the efficacy of PCP in posterior uveitis (PU) and retinal vasculitis (RV) of BD. The aim of this report is to show the safety and the efficacy of PCP even in patients who have been followed for more than 2 years (49 cases) . PCP was given as 1g/m2/body surface, once per month, with 0.5 mg prednisolone/kg/day. A Disease Activity Index (DAI) was calculated for each section of the eye. The DAI before PCP and last one were compared by the Student t test. Our patients received a total number 685 PCPs. ­the mean PCP per patient was 14.0 and the mean follow up time was 33.8 months. In PU, 79% of the eyes improved. The mean DAI decreased from 2.3 to 0.9 with t=6.327 (p
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Lupus Nephritis in Iran. Analysis of 287 cases.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/52?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Sun, 03 Feb 2013 20:58:46 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a rather frequent disease in Iran. In the past 13 years, 449 patients with SLE attended the SLE clinic. Lupus nephritis was discovered in 278 of them. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the caracteristics of lupus nephritis in Iran (percentage of proteinuria, hematuria, leucocyturia, casts, renal insufficiency, hypertension, and patterns of renal biopsy), to compare them to the remaining patients with SLE but without renal involvement (some manifestations were seen mor frequently in patients with lupus nephritis), and finally to compare the Iranian with Western Lupus Nephritis (the higher incidence of diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis in Iranian patients and the low frequency of focal proliferative glomerulonephritis and membranous glomerulonephritis in Iranian patients).
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Iran Behcet&#039;s Disease Dynamic Activity Measure (IBDDAM).</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/51?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Sun, 03 Feb 2013 20:57:43 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
The evaluation of the inflammatory state of Behcet`s Disease and it's quantification is most difficult. The difficulty is due to the recurrent attacks and spontaneous remissions that charac­terizes the disease. In IBDDAM the patients is evaluated on several weeks or months. Each attack is measured separately and given an index. The ob­tained indexes are added together and the total is divided by the number of months of the evaluation period. The final result is a mean disease activity index that demonstrates quite well the progression capacity of the disease.
The inflammatory indexes upon which IBDDAM is cal­culated is for now rather empirical. One point is given for: Oral ulcers (2 point if more than 5 ul­cers at the same time), genital ulcers (1 point for each ulcer), pseudofolliculitis (2 points if more than 10), erythema nodosum (2 points if more than 5), arthralgia, pure cephalea, superficial phlebitis, pathergy phenomenon. Two points ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Case report: Hypophosphatemic Osteomalacia in von Recklinghausen Neurofibromatosis.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/50?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Sun, 03 Feb 2013 20:56:55 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Skeletal lesions are not uncommon in von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis, Most of them are considered to be dysplastic in nature. Association of osteomalacia or rickets with neurofibromatosis has been documented only rarely. Reported herein is a 40-year-old woman with known von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis who presented with bone pain, multiple pseudofractures, marked increase in osteoid by  bone biopsy, and hypophosphatemia with renal phosphate wasting. Treatment with oral phosphate and vitamin D was effective. A survey of the literature revealed that 34 similar cases have been 
reported in the past. Although the exact patho- genetic mechanism remains to be determined, osteomalacia in neurofibromatosis appears to be distinct from more common dysplastic skeletal affections of this disease, being characterized by later onset in adulthood as a rule, renal phosphate loss with hypophosphatemia, multiple pseudofractures in typical cases, and response to treatment with pharmacological dose of vitamin D with or without phosphate supplement. KEY ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Weekly low-dose pulsed methotrexate in ocular Behcet (analysis of 41 cases).</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/49?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Sun, 03 Feb 2013 20:56:08 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Cytotoxic drugs as the only remittent agents in posterior uveitis (PU) and/or retinal vasculitis (RV) of Aehcet's disease(BD) is generally accepted today. However which cytotoxic is the least harmful and yet efficient is questionable. The safety of long term use of MTX in rheumatoid arthritis made us to use this drug in ocular Behcet. Our prelimi-nary report to the first APLAR Symposium for Treatment of Rheumatic Diseases in Korea, stowed the ef-ficiency of this method. Now we present here our latest results in 41 patients. MTX was administered 7.5 my weekly , in 3 divided doses every 12 hours, plus prc:dnisolone 0.5 mg/kg/day. A Disease Activity Index (DAI) based upon the inflammatory state of each section of each eye was calculated at each clinical control. The first and the last one were compared by the Student paired t test. ,After a mean follow up time of 7:4 months, PU was ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Pulse cyclophosphamide in SLE nephritis, analysis of 84 cases.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/48?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Sun, 03 Feb 2013 20:54:28 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Pulse cyclophosphamide (PCP) is a well established method for the treatment of lupus nephritis. PCP seems to produce better results with lesser side effects, than oral cytotoxic drugs. We presenthere, our experience with this method, in 84 patients. All patients had a WHO type IV histological lesion, on light microscopy, Proteinuria, hematuria, leucocyturia, casts, BUN, creatinine, and blood pressure were measured before starting PCP and after each one. The first and the last measurement were compared to each other by the Student paired t test. Cyclophosphamide was given as 1000 mg per m2 of body surface. Prednisolone was administered, per os, as 1/2 mg  per kilogram of body weight. PCP was repeated once per month: When a satisfactory result was obtained, the gap between pulses was increased to 2 and then to 3 months and prednisolone was gradually tapered.
RESULTS: The mean follow up time was 20.1 months. The mean ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Pulse cyclophosphamide in Lupus Nephritis.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/47?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Sun, 03 Feb 2013 20:53:46 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
The prognosis of Lupus Nephritis has dramatically changed since the introduction of cytotoxic drugs in their treatment. Different protocols have been proposed to reach this goal. Pulse cyclophos­phamide (PCP) was first introduced in the treatment of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus by Sessoms & Kovarsky in 1984. Austin and Colleagues demonstrated it's superiority upon other regimens in Lupus Nephritis in 1986. Pulse Cyclophosphamide is now a well established method for the treatment of lupus nephritis. Pulse Cyclophosphamide tend to produce better results and less side effects, than oral cytotoxic drugs. 
We have used this method in our SLE patients with lupus nephritis since 1986. We present here, our experience in 84 patients. All patients had a  WHO type 1V histological lesions, on light microscopy.
Cyclophosphamide was given as 1000 mg per square meter of body surface. ­Pulses were repeated every month until the achievement of a satisfactory result. Then the gap between ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Long-term outcome of cyclophosphamide I.V. bolus in Behcet&#039;s disease ocular lesions. </title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/46?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Sun, 03 Feb 2013 20:49:31 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Since our first report in 1987 to the XIth EULAR Congress of Rheumatology several reports had proved the efficacy of pulsed cyclophosphamide (PCP) in severe posterior uveitis (PU) and retinal vasculitis (RV) of Behcet's Disease (BD). The aim of this report is to show the outcome of 45 patients who have been followed for more than 2 years. PCP was administered as lg/m2/body surface, once per month, with 0.5 mg prednisolone>/kg/day. A Disease Activity Index (DAI), based upon the inflammatory state of the eye, was calculated for section of each eye before the first PCP and then after each one. When a remission was Obtained the gap between PCP was increased to 2, and then to 3 months,	and prednisolone was tapered. If the result remained stable, PCP was given only in case of a new attack. A comparison between the DAI before PCP, and after the last one, was made ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Methotrexate in ocular Behcet, preliminary report.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/45?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Sun, 03 Feb 2013 20:48:32 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Posterior uveitis and retinal vasculitis are the most serious lesions­ of ocular Behcet. Pulse cyclophosphamide and cyclosporine A are the most efficient treatment. Oral cytotoxic drugs (cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil , and azathioprine) are less efficient. We present here our first impression on weekly pulsed methotrexate (MTX). MTX was administereted as 7.5 mg weekly in 3 divided doses, every 12 hours Prednisolone was given as 0.5 mg/kg/day. 23 patients with posterior
uveitis (PU) and retinal vasculitis (RV) were chosen for this study. A Disease Activity Index (DAI), based upon the inflammatory state of the eye was calculated for each section of each eye before the MTX therapy and after each successive controls. A comparison between the DAI before MTX, and after the last control, was made by the Student paired t-test: The mean follow up time was 5.2 months. 73% of eyes with PU improved, 25% were stabilized, while 2% were aggravated (only ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Long-term follow-up of pulse cyclophosphamide (PCP) in ocular Behcet.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/44?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Sun, 03 Feb 2013 20:46:52 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
PCP was administered as 1 g cyclophosphsmide/m2/body surface, once per month, with 0.5mg prednisolone/kg/day, to 71 patients with severe posterior uveitis (PU) and/or retinal vasculitis (RV) , A Disease Activity Index (DAI) was calculated for each section of each eye, before the first PCP and then after each one. When a remission was obtained the gap between, PCP was  increased gradually and prednisolone was tapered. If the result remained stable, PCP was given only in the case of a new attack. A comparison between the DAI before PCP, and after the last one was made by the Student t-test. Our patients received a total number of 664 PCPs, with a mean number of 9.4 PCPs per patient. The mean follow-up time was 19 months. 82% of the eyes with PU improved, 6% were stabilized, while 13% were aggravated. The mean DA! improved from 2.5 to 1 with t=9.911 and ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Pulse cyclophosphamide in Lupus Nephritis.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/43?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Sun, 03 Feb 2013 20:45:17 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Pulse cyclophosphamide (PCP) is a well established method for the treatment of lupus nephritis. PCP seems to produce better results, and lesser side effects, than oral cytotoxic drugs. We present here, our ex­perience with this method, in 51 patients.
All patients had a WHO type IV histological lesion, on light microscopy. Proteinuria, hematuria, leuco­cyturia, casts, BUN, creatinine, and blood pressure were measured before starting PCP and after each one. The first and the last measurment were compared to each other by the Student paired t test. Cyciophos­phamide. was given as 1000 mg per m2 of body surface, once per month. When a satisfactory result was, ob­tained, the gap between pulses was increased to 2 or 3 months. Prednisolone was administered, per os, as 1/2 mg per Kilogram of body weight.
RESULTS: The mean follow up time was 17 months. The mean pulse per patient was 9 pulses. Proteinuria was improved in 80% ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
LUPUS NEPHRITIS in IRAN ANALYSIS of 503 SLE CASES.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/42?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Sun, 03 Feb 2013 20:42:18 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
SLE is not a rare disease in Iran. In the past 14 years, we have seen 503 cases. Renal manifestations were discovered in 317 of them (63%). The female ratio was 87%. All of them had proteinuria, but only 50% had a proteinuria superior to 500 mg per 24 hours. 60% had hematuria, 45% leucocyturia, and 42% had urinary casts. Serum creatinine was elevated in 16% of patients. Arterial hyper-tension was observed in 8% of cases. Kidney needle biopsy was performed in 187 patients. The light microscopy revealed: 80% WHO class 4, 13% class 3, 3% class 5 and 3% class 2. Two patients had normal histology. Comparison of other disease manifestations between nephritis and non nephritis patients revealed that CNS, ophthalmologic manifestations, and death were more frequent in nephritis group. The death was not related to renal lesions but to CNS involvement and microbial infections, especially the pulmonary tract. ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
OPHTHALMOLOGICAL MANIFESTATIONS IN BEHCET&#039;S DISEASE, COMPUTER ANALYSIS OF 1074 CASES.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/41?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Sun, 03 Feb 2013 20:36:07 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Behcet's Disease (BD) is rather frequent in Iran. Near 200 new cases are seen every year, and this rate is going up every year. Oph­thalmological manifestations are frequent (71%). Anterior uveitis (AU) is seen in 63% of patients. It is characterized by flare and cells in the anterior chamber. Hypopion, the classic lesion of the anterior chamber is transient and rarely seen in ophthalmologic examination. The AU progresses by successive attacks and remissions. Posterior synechia, cataract and glaucoma are complications of AU. Posterior uveitis (PU) is seen in 53% of patients. It is characterized by cells and floater in the vitreous body. PU also progresses by successive attacks and remis­sions, but unlike AU, remissions are incom­plete. Therefore from one attack to another, lesions become cumulative. Organization of the vitreous body and hemorrhage are frequent complications of PU. Retinal vasculitis (RV) is seen in 40% of patients. It is charac­terized by ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Pulse cyclophosphamide in Lupus Nephritis.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/40?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Sun, 03 Feb 2013 20:17:38 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Pulse cyclophosphamide (PCP) is a well established method for the treatment of lupus nephritis. PCP seems to produce better results, and lesser side effects, than oral cytotoxic drugs. We present here, our ex­perience with this method, in 51 patients.
All patients had a WHO type IV histological lesion, on light microscopy. Proteinuria, hematuria, leuco­cyturia, casts, BUN, creatinine, and blood pressure were measured before starting PCP and after each one. The first and the last measurment were compared to each other by the Student paired t test. Cyciophos­phamide. was given as 1000 mg per m2 of body surface, once per month. When a satisfactory result was, ob­tained, the gap between pulses was increased to 2 or 3 months. Prednisolone was administered, per os, as 1/2 mg per Kilogram of body weight.
RESULTS: The mean follow up time was 17 months. The mean pulse per patient was 9 pulses. Proteinuria was improved in 80% ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Pulse Cyclophosphamide (PCP) in ophthalmologic manifestations of Behcet&#039;s disease (BD).</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/39?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Sun, 03 Feb 2013 20:15:46 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
PCP as lg/m2/body surface was given once per month, with 0.5 mg prednisolone/kg/day, to 155 patients with sever posterior uveitis (PU) and/ or retinal vasculitis (RV). A Disease Activity Index (DAI), based upon the inflammatory state of the eye, was calculated for each section of each eye before the first PCP and then after each PCP. When a remission was obtained the gap between PCP was increased gradually to 2, and then to 3 months, and prednisolone was tapered. If the result remained stable, PCP was given only in case of a new att ck. A comparison between the DAI before PCP, and after the last one, was made by the Student t test. Our patients received a total number of 979 PCPs, with a mean number of 6.3 PCPs per patient. The mean follow up time was 11.4 months. 73% of the eyes with PU improved, 11% were stabilized, ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
SLE in Iran, Analysis of 503 cases.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/38?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Sun, 03 Feb 2013 20:13:38 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is not a rare disease in Iran. In the past 13 years, we have seen 503 cases, with the following characteristics. Females 87%, males 13%, mean age 23 years (SD=11.25). Clinical manifestations were as follow: General manifestation in 57% (fever 52%, fatigue 39%, lack of appetite 18%, weight loss 36%). Mucocutaneous manifestations in 80% (malar rash 67%, discoid lesions 9%, photosensitivity 45%, alopecia 9%, Raynaud's phenomenon 11%, oral ul­cers 35%). Osteoarticular Manifestations in 79% (Arthralgia 57%, acute arthritis 15%, sub acute and chronic arthritis 41%, Erosive arthritis with deformity 3%, myositis 4%). Renal Manifestations in 67% (proteinuria 67%, hematuria 38%, leucocyturia 29%, casts 27%). Neurologic Manifestations in 15% (convulsion 10%, psychosis 6%, central manifestations 3%, peripheral manifestations 2%). Cardiac manifestations in 10% (pericarditis 6%, myocarditis 2%, failure 2%). Pleuropulmonary manifestations in 23% (pleuresia 17%, pneumonia 4%). Gastro intestinal manifestations in 17%, hepatic manifestations in11%, splenomegalia 8%.	Hematologic ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Pulse therapy with cyclophosphamide (PTCP) in ophthalmologic manifestations of Behcet&#039;s Disease (BD). Analysis of 67 patients.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/37?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Sun, 03 Feb 2013 20:11:14 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Ophthalmologic manifestations of BD, especially posterior uveitis and retinal vasculitis are resistant to most treatments, leading to sever loss of vision. Cytotoxic drugs, especially chlorambucil and cyclo­phosphamide (CP) are effective in some patients. In a preliminary report to the XI EULAR Congress of Rheumatology we demonstrated the efficacy of PTCP in these lesions. PTCP was performed by perfusion of 1 g. CP per square meter of body surface in 500 ml of normal saline. PTCP was repeated every months after a new evaluation of the patient. 102 patients are actually under this treatment. 67 of them had received 4 pulses or more (a total of 438 pulses). Statistical analysis was done by the Student paired t test. The mean visual acuity improved from 3.7 to 4.3 (t=3.213, p
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Pathergy test (PT): sensitivity and selectivity in 544 patients with Behcet&#039;s Disease (BD) and in 174 controls.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/36?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Sun, 03 Feb 2013 20:09:21 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
PT was performed by 2 methodes: 1- Needle prick. 2-- Intra dermal injection of normal salin. 83 % of BD patients presented a positive PT. Control subjects were composed of 101 healthy person, 46 Rheumatoid Arthritis, 5 Ankylosing Spondylitis, 18 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). 3 Sclerodermia, and 1 permatomyositis. Among them 16% presented a positive PT. Only 3% had a positive PT with both needle prick and normal salin method. 9% had a positive test with needle prick alone and 4% with normal salin alone. All positive results in the control group were of papule type (1+ positive). The pustular type reaction was never observed in other subjects apart BD patients. We conclude that a pustule type response (2+ or 3+ positive PT) is highly suggestive of BD and may suffice for the diagnosis, if present with one of the major symptoms of the disease (as proposed in the diagnosis ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Pulse cyclophosphamide (PCP) in ocular manifestations of Behcet&#039;s disease.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/35?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Sun, 03 Feb 2013 20:07:48 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Patients with sever posterior uveitis and/or retinal vasculitis, and un­responsive to oral cytatoxic drugs and/or high doses steroids, were selected for this study. Pulse cyclophosphamide (PCP) was performed by perfusion of 1 g cyclophosphalnide per square meter of body surface in 500 ml of normal saline. PCP was repeated every month after a new evaluation of the patient. 30 mg of prednisolone/day was also given. Actually 102 patients are receiving this treatment. Among them 34
patients received 6 PCP or more. In the 68 evaluated eyes, the mean value of the visual acuity improved from 3.3 to 3.9 (paired t test: 2.164, p
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Immunogenetic basis of resistance to ocular involvement in Behcet&#039;s Disease (BD).</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/34?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Sun, 03 Feb 2013 20:06:21 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
In a separate report we demonstrated that B5 cluster antigens acts as a leading factor for ocular injuries. The question is why in some patients, these antigens does not produce the same lesions. This may be due to a genetic factor(s) which determine resistance to ocular lesions. Two HLA antigens attracted our attention as possible factors. One from the class I (CW4), and the other from the class II (DQW1).
DQW1 antigen suppresses immune response to streptococcal cell wall antigens. HLA-B5 normal individuals has increased response to strep­tococcal antigens. Streptococcal antigens may play a role in the pathogenesis of aphthous ulcers (…KANEKQ...). DQW1 is decreased in BD patients with ocular lesions. We suggest therefore that the presence of B5 and the absence of DQW1 will increase the risk of ocular involvement while the presence of DQW1 acts as a protective factor. This phenomenon may be related to streptococcal cell wall antigens.
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
HLA-B5 cluster in non ocular type of Behcet&#039;s Disease (BD).</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/33?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Sun, 03 Feb 2013 20:05:05 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
We have reported a 100% association of ocular type of BD with B5 cluster antigens. The HLA results of non ocular type shows respectively 30% and 40% of association with B5 and B5 cluster antigens. These results indicate that B5 cluster antigens are decreased in non ocular patients compared to 62% of normal population. Considering the etiologic fraction for B5 cluster in ocular type patients which was at its maximum level (EF=1); and on the other hand results of the present study shows no association of B5 cluster with non ocular type of BD. Therefore we suggest that B5 cluster antigens has an important role in pathogenesis of ocular lesions and Behcet's patients who are B5 cluster positive, are at a higher risk to develop ocular lesions.
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
HLA-B5 in Behcet&#039;s Disease, relationship to symptoms, analysis of 543 cases.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/32?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Sun, 03 Feb 2013 20:03:40 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Behcet's Disease (BD) has been found to be related to the first class HLA antigens, the B5. In Iran, B5 is present in 64% of BD patients versus 34% in normal population. The relative risk is 3.33. Uveitis has been demonstrated to be related to the presence of B5. in our study the posterior uveitis was present in 59% of patients with B5 versus 48% without it (p
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
HLA B5 cluster in the ocular form of Behcet&#039;s Disease (BD)</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/31?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Sun, 03 Feb 2013 20:01:29 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
The association of B5 and uveitis has been previously demonstrated. 37 patients with ocular form were studied for HLA, ABC and DR antigens, with a large panel of antisera (A.O.H.W.C panel sera). Results are:
Antigen          Control          Patient	         Relative R.              Chi square                  P value
B5                  42 (42%)     35( 94.6%)            24.16                ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Pathergy test in Behcet&#039;s Disease, relationship to disease symptoms: computer analysis of 391 cases.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/30?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Sun, 03 Feb 2013 19:46:04 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
Patients were divided in 2 groups of positive and negative pathergy test. 57 parameters including symptoms and paraclinical tests were analyzed seperately in the 2 groups and then compared to each other by the chi sqaure test (the fourfold table method). The following symptoms were seen more frequently in patients with a positive pathergy test: oral aphthosis in the beginning of the disease (p
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Lesions cutaneo-muqueuse de la maladie de Behcet.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/29?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Sun, 03 Feb 2013 19:45:07 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
40 cas de maladie de Behcet ont ete etudies entre 1977 et 1985. Il s'agissait 1 hommes (62 %) et de 129 femmes (38 %). La moyenne d'age est de 25.5 ecart type de 9.1. 334 cas avaient des Iesions muqueuses (98 %). L'aphtose de etait presente dans 333 cas (97 %), I'aphtose genitale dans 245 cas (72%). ~f~es-avatent des lesions cutanees (74 %). Les pseudo-folliculites etaient !ntes dans 257 cas (75 %), Ierytheme noueux clans 64 cas (18 %) et les autres > de Iesions cutanees dans 19 ca s (5 %). II n'y avait pas de difference de ibution pour les Iesions muqueuses, en fonction du sexe. Les pseudo-folliculites ent piuls rh4;;uentes chez les hommes que chez les femmes (81 % chez les -nes ee,e % chez les .le ~Z 8.204, p
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
The diagnostic value of skin hyper reactivity in Behcet&#039;s Disease</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/28?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Sun, 03 Feb 2013 19:42:28 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
The skin hyper reactivity (SHR) as detected by the pathergy test is a common feature of Behcet's Disease (BD) in Middle East Countries and in Japan, but not in Western Countries. Yazici et al showed it's sensitivity and it's specificity. As the SHR in pathergy test is revealed by a pseudo follicu­litis, it may have the same significance as the spontaneous pseudo folliculitis (PF) of BD. Thus if a patient has the PF, the pathergy test would not bring any new information.The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the correlation (if any) between the SHR and PF in BD. 213 patients who had the pathergy test were selected for this study.167 patients (78%) had PF, among them 148 patients had a SHR while among the 46 patients without PF, the SHR was present in 33 of them. The difference is significative between the 2 groups as shown by the ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Difference in male and female Behcet&#039;s Disease.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/27?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Sun, 03 Feb 2013 19:41:07 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
In 225 patients with definit Behcet's Disease I5 clinical and 5 paraclinical parameters (CBC,ESR, urinalysis,B5,Pathergy test) were statistically analyzed. The chi-square test (X2) was used for the analysis of difference and P values smaller than 0.05 were accepted as a significative difference between male and female patients. Ophthalmologic manifestations were more frequent in males (80%) than females (63%),X2=7.91,0.01> P> 0.001.The difference concern specially the uveitis (73% males,55% females,X2=7.65,0.01>P>0.001). In osteoarticular manifestations,monoarthritis is more frequent in males than females (11.5% versus 3.5%, X2=4 .42, 0.05>P>0.02) . In paraclinical parame­ters B5 is more frequent in males (68%) than females (55%),X2=4.27,0.05>P>0.02.The simultaneous presen­ce of B5 and uveitis is much more frequent in males (57%) than females (29%) ,X2 =16 .09, P< 0.001.There is a close correlation between B5 and uveitis in males (B5 and uveitis in 77 patients,B5 without uveitis in 18, uveitis without  B5 in 22,absence of B5 and uveitis in ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Evaluation of the 1982 American Rheumatism Association revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/26?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Sun, 03 Feb 2013 19:39:45 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
The sensitivity of the 1971 preliminary criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was 90% according to Cohen et al (1), who assembled those criteria. This high degree of sensitivity was not found by other investigators (2-6). The1982 revised criteria proposed by Tan et al (7) showed a 96% sensitivity among their patients.
In a recent work, Levin et al (8) compared the 1971 and the 1982 American Rheumatism Association (ARA) criteria in 156 of their patients and found 88% sensitivity with the 1971 preliminary criteria and 91% with the 1982 revised criteria. The increased sensitivity was attributed to e addition of the fluorescent antinuclear antibody (FANA) test as a criterion, whereas lowering the value required for fulfilling the proteinuria criterion did not affect sensitivity.
 We compared the 2 criteria as did Levin et at (8). In 135 of our SLE patients, we found 81% sensitivity using the 1971 ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Behcet&#039;s Disease: review of 100 cases. Report of juvenile, Familial, and unilateral forms.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/25?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Sun, 03 Feb 2013 19:37:35 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
In this case study 100 patients with confirmed Behcet's disease have been in reviewed. The following manifestations were observed: buccal aphthous ulcerations 98 per cent, genital ulcerations 63 per cent, positive Behcetine test in 81 per cent, ocular involvement 80 per cent, positive HLA-B5 74 per cent, skin lesions 68 per cent, articular manifestations 63 per cent, digestive problems 21 per cent, thrombophlabitis­ of the extremities 17 per cent, neurologic signs 15 per cent. epididymitis 5 per cent. Among the 80 patients with ocular signs, uveitis was present in 93.75 per cent of cases, hypopyon in 12.5 percent. The poor ocular prognosis was mainly due to the necrotizing vasculitis of the lundus (11 patients) and atrophy of the optic nerve (13 patients), 53 of our cases presented oedema of the macula, 24 macular dystrophy. A unilateral ocular manifestation of the disease in an eight-year-old boy and four patients having familial ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Systemic lupus erythematosus in Iran, analysis of 156 cases.</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/24?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Sun, 03 Feb 2013 19:35:53 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
From 1975 to 1982, 156 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus were seen. 90 % were women, 69 % were aged between 10 to 30 years. 63 % had a deterioration of their general condition. Skin disorders was found in 92 % with 78 % of facial erythema, 46 % photosensitivity, 56 % Alopecia, 9 % Raynauds phenomenon and 19 % oral lesions. Osteoarticular changes were detected in 84 % renal involvement in 71 %, neuropsychiatric manifestations in 31 %, cardiac manifestations in 15 %, pleuro-pulmonar in 19 %, hepatic in 13 % and gastrointestinal disorders in 23 % Anemia was seen in 28 %, Leucopenia in 24 %, Thrombocytopenia in 12 % and LE cells in 56 % of the patients. Anti nuclear factors by immunofluorescence were positive in 75 % of patients while high anti native DNA was detected in 50 % of them.
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Levamisol in the treatment of Behcet&#039;s Disease</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/23?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Sun, 03 Feb 2013 19:33:30 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
35 patients with the “complet form“ of Behcet’s disease, according to the criteria of Behcet’s Disease  Research Committee of Japan were selected for study. The choice of complet forms make possible to have a more homogenous group of patients to evaluate the effect of levamisole on the major symptoms of the disease. The patients were treated with levamisole at least for 3 to 6 months, they had no cytotoxic drugs in the past 6 months, and no steroids in the course of the treatment. Good and fair results were noted in 51% of ophthalmologic manifestations, 57% of skin lesions, 63% of genital ulcerations, 71% of oral aphtosis, and 75% of articular involvements. Levamisole is not very effective in ophthalmologic manifestations, but has enough efficacy in other manifestations of the disease to be accepted as a valuable treatment and be tried before cytotoxic drugs.
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
TREATMNT OF OPHTHALMOLOGIC MANIFESTATIONS OF BEHCET&#039;S DISEASE. ANALYSIS OF 6 DIFFERENT TREATMENT MODALTLES</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/22?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Sun, 03 Feb 2013 19:29:45 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
INTROUCTION: Ophthalmologic manifestations are the major cause of morbidity in Behcet's Disease. If not treated, they  usually progress toward sever loss of vision or blindness. Cytotoxic drugs are the main therapeutic agents.
MATERIALS & METHOD: In an open, non randomized, control study, Pulse Cyclophosphamide (PCP), low dose pulse cyclophos­phamide (LDP), weakly methotrexate (MTX), chlorambucil (CHL), oral cyclophosphamide (OCP), and cyclosporine A (CYA) were used in a standard protocol for 778 patients. Criteria for inclusion were; 1-Fulfilling the Iran criteria. 2- ­Having posterior uveitis (PU) and/or retinal vasculitis (RV). 3-To have an inflammatory lesion of the eye. For each section of each eye (anterior chamber, uvea, retina) a Disease Activity Index (DAI) was calculated. The visual acuity (VA) was calculated for each eye. A Total Adjusted DAI (TADAI) was calculated for each patient upon the inflammatory indexes of both eyes and their visual acuity. PCP group: Patient : 308, mean follow ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
Histocompatibility antigens (HLA) in rheumatic diseases in Iran</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/library/view/id/21?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Sun, 03 Feb 2013 19:20:44 -0500</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
One hundred and sixty-six patients with different forms of rheumatic diseases were tissue typed for 26 antigens of the A and B locus of the HLA system, using a modified KN cytotoxicity test. Among 25 patients with confirmed ankylosing spondylitis, 23 had HLA B27 (92 per cent), compared to 2.5 per cent in the normal controls. This confirms the strong association of HLA B27 with ankylosing spondylitis. Eight patients had doubtful AS, five of whom were positive for B27. In 21 patients with mechanical disorders of the spine no B27 was found. Thirty-six patients with osteoarthrosis of the knee joints did not show any significant relationship with any HLA antigens. Twenty-one patients with systemic lupus erythematosus showed an increase of HLA B13 and B17.
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
تست آزمایشگاه</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/announcement/view/id/8?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Thu, 11 Oct 2012 23:08:36 -0400</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[

سیبسیب

]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
دومین کنفرانس ملی روماتولوژی</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/announcement/view/id/0?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Mon, 24 Sep 2012 19:09:20 -0400</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[


<br>
باوجود اینکه شرکت‌های خودروسازی از اواخر دهه ۷۰ همگی استراتژی‌های توسعه صادرات را در برنامه‌های خود اعلام می‌کردند و اهداف آنها نیز ارقامی بلندپروازانه بود، اما این ارقام تاکنون تحقق نیافته است.کارشناسان و تحلیلگران این صنعت معتقدند تولیدات داخلی کشور هنوز به مزیت‌های نسبی جهان نرسیده و این محصولات نمی‌توانند همپای محصولات جهانی در بازارهای بین‌المللی جایگاه خود را پیدا کنندواگر خودروسازان کشور بخواهند در بازارهای بین‌المللی با خودروسازان دنیا رقابت کنند باید دولت در بهبود برنامه‌های اقتصادی کشور، با دعوت از بزرگان خودروسازی جهان و ایجاد زمینه همکاری مشترک با آنان و با از بین بردن انحصارگرایی نزد خودروسازان کشور، در بهبود تدریجی صادرات کمک کند. اما متأسفانه در ایران برخلاف کشورهای همسایه از جمله ترکیه و هند که طی این سال‌ها از رشد قابل‌توجهی در زمینه صادرات برخوردار بوده‌اند، سهم بخش خصوصی از تولید یا مونتاژ کمی خودرو فقط پنج درصد از کل تولید سالانه بوده و مابقی ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
فرخوان دعوت به ارسال پژوهش</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/announcement/view/id/2?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Mon, 24 Sep 2012 19:08:59 -0400</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[

<br>
سلام حال و احوال شما چطور است؟ خوب و خوش هستید؟

]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
درباره مانشت</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/page/view/id/3?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Thu, 20 Sep 2012 02:28:31 -0400</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[
مانشت فعالیت خود را از سال ۸۶ آغاز نمود. فعالیت اولیه مانشت مبتنی بر نوشته‌های وبلاگ و پاسخ‌دهی به کامنت‌ها و ایمیلهای دریافتی بود. پس از گذشت ۲ سال و افزایش بسیار زیاد مخاطبین مانشت، مانشت فعالیت‌های خود را با افزودن انجمن گسترده‌تر کرد. انجمن مانشت طی مدتی کوتاه به انجمنی کاملا علمی تبدیل شد و به عنوان مرجعی برای دروس و نیز کنکور مهندسی کامپیوتر و فناوری اطلاعات تبدیل گشت.
هدف مانشت از ابتدا تا کنون گسترش علم و آگاهی به نقاط مختلف ایران و گسترش فرهنگ همکاری و همیاری بوده است. نگاهی به آمار قبولی‌های چند سال اخیر دانشگاه‌های کشور نشان دهنده افزایش تعداد قبولی‌های دانشگاه‌های شهرستان و افزایش رقابت علمی بین دانشجویان است. آرزوی مانشت راه‌یابی دانشجویان مستعد و با انگیزه به مقاطع بالاتر و موفقیت آن‌ها در این مقاطع است. به امید روزی که با تخصص من و تو ایران گام‌های ترقی را طی کرده و به ...
]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
حقوق کپی‌رایت سایت</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/page/view/id/1?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Wed, 05 Sep 2012 21:17:06 -0400</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[

تست

]]></description>
</item>
<item>
<title>
درباره سایت مرکز</title>
<link>
http://www.manesht.ir/page/view/id/2?lang=fa</link>
<pubDate>
Tue, 28 Aug 2012 18:50:55 -0400</pubDate>
<description><![CDATA[

درباره سایت مرکز





]]></description>
</item>
</channel></rss>